INTRODUCTION TO GIS By Okan Fıstıkoğlu

QUESTION What is the importance of the geography in our lifes?

Identification of Geography in Earth Science GEOGRAPHY IS HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT IN OUR LIFE Affects our decisions as a constraint Affects our decisions as a constraint Becomes an input for our decisions Becomes an input for our decisions Near the school? Near the bus stop? Pathway of the road?

Thats why From the earliest civilizations to modern times, the collection of data about significant properties of the earth’s surface has long been an important activity of organized societies. Identification of Geography in Earth Science

QUESTION Who are the responsible for collecting earth’s surface data in Turkey? What are they collect? Why are they collect?

But, The collection and compilation of data and publication of a printed map is costly and time consuming. Identification of Geography in Earth Science TOP SECRET NEWEST IN 1967 Conventional mapping techniques fail to produce adequate and up to date information.

QUESTION Have you ever seen master map production process?

New data collection systems such as remote sensing, GPS, digitizing,..etc. collect data rapidly in contrast to conventional techniques such as eye-observation, manual in-situ measurements. Identification of Geography in Earth Science

New data collection tools bring huge amount of data......its not possible to analyze these data by old-fashion techniques CONSEQUENTLY, THE NEED FOR NEW MAPPING TOOLS ARISES..... WELCOME TO GIS Identification of Geography in Earth Science

During 1960’ and 70’, parallel to the data colllection tools and computer technologies, Cartographers had begun to use computers for the automated drafting and preparation of masters for printed maps. Limited capabilities!!!!!! Generally, only for printing out!!!! Historical Background of Computer Aided Mapping (CAM)

Rhind (1977) presented the following list of reasons for using computers in cartography: 1.to make existing maps more quickly and more cheaply; 2.to make maps for specific user needs; 3.to make map production possible in situations where skilled staff are not available; 4.to experiment with different graphical representations of the same data; 5.to facilitate map making and updating when the data are already in digital form; 6.to facilitate analyses of data that demand interaction between statistical analyses and mapping; 7.to minimize the use of the printed map as a data store and thereby to minimize the effects of classification and generalization on the quality of the data; 8.to create maps that are difficult to make by hand, e.g. 3-D maps or stereoscopic maps; 9.to create maps in which selection and generalization procedures are explicitly defined and consistently executed; 10.to make possible a review of the whole mapmaking process, which can also lead to savings and improvements. Historical Background of Computer Aided Mapping (CAM)

Consequently, during 1960’ and 1970’, there were two main trends in the application of the CAM. Historical Background of Computer Aided Mapping (CAM) 1.Automation of the existing tasks 2.Need for spatial analyses With current cartographic accuracy and visual quality.

Development of Geographical Information Systems Computer-aided design and computer graphics G.I.S. TIME TECHNICAL AND CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT Automated Data Collection (Huge Amount of Data) Interdisciplinary Analyses Need (Civil Eng.,Urban Planing, Soil Science,....) Spatial Data Processing Need Fast Cartographic Analysis Need High quality drafting Need END