Dynamics and star formation histories of the LMC and the SMC. LMC SMC Kenji Bekki (UNSW, Australia)

Anniversary in Vienna th anniversary of Mozart’s birth.

Anniversary in Vienna th anniversary of Mozart’s birth. 10th anniversary of the discovery of ultra-compact dwarfs (UCDs). 40th anniversary of the publication of a paper by McGee & Milton (1966) on the LMC’s HI.

The Magellanic saga ~0.2 Gyr ~10 Gyr ago 3~4 Gyr 3.Restoration 2.Hibernation 1. Dawn 4.Inferno

The Magellanic saga ~0.2 Gyr ~10 Gyr ago 3~4 Gyr RestorationHibernationDawnInferno

The Magellanic saga ~0.2 Gyr ~10 Gyr ago 3~4 Gyr RestorationHibernationDawnInferno LMC’s History Old stellar halo & GC formation. Reactivation of GC Formation. Formation of 30 Doradus etc…

Can we really understand the origin of physical properties of the Clouds in the context of Galaxy- LMC-SMC interaction ?

A numerical study on the interplay between galaxy interaction and star formation

Galaxy-LMC-SMC interaction.

Today’s topics. Formation of asymmetric HI and molecular gas distributions in the LMC and the origin of the Magellanic Bridge (MB). The age gap problem in the LMC and the formation of the stellar ring in the SMC. Formation of old stellar halos and GC. Conclusions.

1. The Magellanic Inferno. 0.2 Gyr ago

1. The Magellanic Inferno: Triggered star formation in the last Magellanic collision. (Gardiner & Noguchi 1996) Tidal force for the SMC From the Galaxy From the LMC Past

1. The Magellanic Inferno. Asymmetric distributions of field stars, HI, molecular gas, and young stars. Structure and kinematics of the Magellanic Bridge (MB). LMCSMC Observations to discuss.

Asymmetric HI structures in the LMC. (Staveley-Smith et al. 2003) (Column density image of the LMC HI)

The Asymmetric CO (molecular gas) distribution in the LMC. (Fukui et al. 2001, Mizuno et al. 2001; Kawamura et al. 2006)

Elliptic LMC disk (van der Marel 2001) Surface number distributions of RGB/AGB stars from 2MASS 21kpc x 19 kpc

Distributions of young stars. Spatial distribution of Cepheids (Grebel & Brandner 1998)

Were these asymmetric structures formed from the Last Magellanic Collision ?

A hint from numerical simulations. (1)(b,l)=(-32.89,280.46) (2)Distance: 49 kpc (3)(U,V,W)=(-5,-225,194) km/s (4)Radial velocity: 80 km/s (1)(b,l)=(-44.30,302.79) (2)Distance: 57 kpc (3)(U,V,W)=(40,-185,171) km/s (4)Radial velocity: 7 km/s LMC SMC

Numerical simulations of the LMC/SMC evolution: Two-hold model Prediction of the LMC orbit for the last x Gyr (x=1 or 4 or 9) based on the ``backward integration scheme’’. Grape-5/6 chemodynamical simulations for the predicted orbit(s).

The orbital evolution of the Clouds for the last ~ 0.8 Gyr. LMC-SMC LMC-Galaxy SMC-Galaxy

XZ Old stars Gas (SPH) SMC Dynamical evolution of the LMC disk (Bekki & Chiba 2006)

XZ Old stars Gas (SPH) Dynamical evolution of the LMC disk (Bekki & Chiba 2006)

XZ New stars Gas (SPH) Distributions of gas and new stars with ages < 20 Myr SMC

B-band surface-brightness distributions of the LMC. Without SMC With SMC (Bekki & Chiba 2006)

The gas distribution of the LMC. East-West Asymmetric distribution. Connected to the MB.

Spatial distributions of young stars with ages less than 20 Myr. A possible formation Site of 30 Doradus ?? Young stars in the bar

Is the formation of 30 Doradus closely associated with the last Magellanic collision ?

VUV observationSimulation (Young stars) 30 Doradus + R136 The location of the 30 Doradus can tell us anything about its formation ? Bar

Hints from CO observations: Proto-GC cloud formation in the MC collision ? CO molecule observations by Mopra (Ott et al. 2006): [HI (blue), H  (red), optical light (green)] Simulated gas density (BC06).

Structure and kinematics of the Magellanic Bridge (MB). (Putman et al. 1998)(Muller et al. 2003) LMC SMC DEC RA

Formation of stars and HI holes in the MB. (Muller et al. 2003) HI shell OB associations

XYXZ Gas Formation of the MB. LMC

XYXZ Gas The MB as a tidal tail from the SMC LMC

XY New stars Gas Distributions of gas and new stars in the SMC LMC

Is this due to the modelled threshold gas density, simulation resolution, etc……. ? New stars Gas Inconsistency of the simulated MB with observations: No youngs star with ages < 10 Myr. Gas connected to MB.

Velocity offset and bimodality in the MB (Muller et al. 2003; 2005). DEC Velocity

Consistency with observations (Bekki & Muller 2006) LMC SMC

Formation of ``the Great Magellanic Arc’’ in the last Magellanic collision. 30 Dor --- Asymmetric HI/CO --- MB --- Wing SF region in SMC

2. The Magellanic Restoration. ~ 3.7Gyr ago

2. The Magellanic Restoration. The age gap in the globular cluster system. The Magellanic Stream (MS). Stellar ring structures. LMCSMC Observations to discuss.

The Galactic GCs 47Tuc R c ~1.5pc R e ~10 pc NGC 1850 The LMC’s GCs vs Significant differences between the two: More flattened shapes, a larger fraction of binary clusters, Rotational kinematics, disky distribution, a larger size for a given galactocentric radius, and age/metallicity gap.

Two mysteries in the LMC’s GCS. A high fraction of binary GC candidates (e.g., Bhatia et al. 1991; Dieball & Grebel 1998; 15-56% in Dieball et al. 2002). The age gap problem (e.g., Da Costa 1991) [NOTE: only one established case and possibly ~ 8% for open clusters in the Galaxy (e.g., Subramaniam et al. 1995)]

What is the age gap ? (Da Costa 1991) Age (Gyr) [Fe/H]

The essence of the age gap problem. No cluster formation between 3-12 Gyrs ? (  Why was GC formation reactivated 3-4 Gyr ago ?) Selective destruction/stripping of clusters with ages of 3-12 Gyrs ? (  What physical processes are responsible for this ?)

Cluster formation from colliding clouds with high relative velocity (V~ km/s) and small impact parameters (b<0.25). XYXZ (Bekki et al. 2004a,b)

LMC’s orbital and morphological evolution.

The age distribution of the simulated clusters. Reactivation of cluster formation through strong dynamical coupling of the Clouds. Bekki et al. (2004a,b)

The orbital evolution of the Clouds for the last 2 Gyr. SMC-Galaxy LMC-Galaxy LMC-SMC SMC-Galaxy Peri-Galactic passage coincident with the MC encounter.

SMC evolution between T=-2 and -1 Gyr: =LMC = Stars = Gas XY XZ

The discovery of the leading arm features in the MS: The triumph of the tidal model ?? (Putman et al. 1998) Observation 1998 Leading arm Simulation 1996 (Gardiner & Noguchi 1996) Predicted proper motion consistent with latest observation by HST (Kallivayalil etal.2006)

Direct comparison between the simulated MS and the HIPASS observations (Connors et al. 2006). (Observation.) (Simulation.)(Observation.) (Simulation.) Leading arm Feature. Line-of-sight Velocity.

Was the ring-like distribution of intermediate- age stars formed by the LMC-SMC-Galaxy interaction 1 ~ 2.5 Gyr ago ? (Harris & Zaritsky 2004). [red; Z=0.004, blue; Z=0.001]

Was the ring-like distribution of intermediate- age stars formed by the LMC-SMC-Galaxy interaction 1.5 ~ 2 Gyr ago ? (Harris & Zaritsky 2004).

Formation of a ring-like structure at the epoch of the MS formation (Bekki et al. 2006). Gas New stars T=-1.2Gyr T=-1 Gyr

The spatial distributions of field stars with different ages have fossil information on the LMC- SMC-Galaxy interaction history.

3. The Magellanic Hibernation. ~ 3.7Gyr ago~ 10 Gyr ago

3. The Magellanic Hibernation. No cluster formation and low SF rate between Gyr ago? Low star formation rate between 5-8 Gyr ago? LMCSMC Observations to discuss.

Long-term star formation histories of the Clouds. LMC (Smecher-Hane et al. 2002) SMC (Harris & Zaritsky 2004) Older Bar Disk Time SFR

4. The Magellanic Dawn. ~ 10 Gyr ago

4. The Magellanic dawn. Kinematical differences between the old stellar halo and the GC system. LMCSMC Observations to discuss.

Halo vs GC kinematics. Kinematically hot (Minniti et al. 2003), exponential stellar halo (Alves 2004). Highly flattened disky GC system with rotational kinematics ? (Freeman et al. 1983).

Rotational kinematics in old GC system in the LMC (Freeman et al.1983) ? V rot ~ 41 km/s,  ~ 17 km/s

Halo properties: MW vs. LMC Power-law No/little ~ 1 % -1.6 Exponential ? No/little ? ? Density profile Mass fraction [Fe/H] Rotation V  GC rotation V 

Formation of the Galactic stellar halo in the CDM model (Bekki & Chiba 2000). Old halo stars formed in subgalactic clumps at high z. Merging/destruction of the clumps and dispersal of the stars into the halo region.

If old stellar halo and GCs were formed in the subgalactic clumps before the hierarchical assembly of the clumps (e.g., dwarfs), then…… No/little kinematical differences between the halo and the GC system ? Formation of halo GCs with hot kinematics (with little rotation) ?

Formation of stellar halos and old GC systems in dwarf accretion (Bekki et al. 2003).

Hints from observations and simulations. Low-luminosity dwarfs (in the LG) with no GCs (e.g., van den Bergh 2000) GC formation in the epoch of disk formation (Bekki & Chiba 2002). ``GC-less’’ dwarf; Leo A

A possible scenario for halo-GC kinematical differences. Accretion of GC-less, low-mass subgalactic stellar clumps  Formation of the kinematically hot stellar halo. Merging/accretion of gas-rich clumps onto the proto-LMC could trigger the formation of GCs within the proto-LMC disk.

Differences in ``building blocks’’ between the LMC and the Galaxy ? GC Field stars Gas The Galaxy formation.The LMC formation. Merging DM halos at high z Dissipative GC formation ?

GCSs in low-luminosity galaxies show rotational kinematics (e.g., Olsen et al. 2004). Physical properties (MDF, kinematics) are different between old halos and GCs in galaxies (e.g., Harris 2006; Romanowski 2006; Bekki 2006, in GC conference at Concepcion 2006). Lessons from the Clouds. Different formation sites and histories between old halos and GCs in galaxies.

Conclusions. Formation of ``the Great Magellanic arc’’ in the last Magellanic collision ~0.2 Gyr ago ? Reactivation of GC formation 3-4 Gyr ago due to dynamical coupling of the Clouds ? ``Old GC’’ formation in the formation epoch of the LMC disk ?

Formation of disky GCs in early dissipative gas-rich merging (Bekki & Chiba 2002). Formation of high-density, High pressure gas with P>10 5 k B both in the dwarf and the disk. Gas-rich dwarf

Distributions of very young stars. Spatial distribution of Cepheids (Grebel & Brandner 1998)

The Magellanic saga ~0.2 Gyr ~10 Gyr ago 3~4 Gyr RestorationHibernationDawnInferno SMC’s History Spherical halo Formation ? Formation of the Magellanic stream and the stellar ring. Magellanic bridge formation.

The origin of the age gap problem can be associated with dynamical coupling of the Clouds ~ 4 Gyr ago. Reactivation of GC formation due to the combined tidal effect of the Galaxy and the SMC

Properties of the simulated ``power-law’’ stellar halo (Bekki & Chiba 2000,2001). [Fe/H] e (orbital eccentricity)

Simulated HI structures and kinematics of the MB (Bekki & Muller).

Distributions of young clusters and field stars. (van den Bergh 2000) (HST image of 30 Doradus + R136) Old GCs

Formation of the Magellanic Bridge (MB) in the LMC-SMC collision. LMC SMC Time interval = 14 Myr 30 kpc (Bekki & Muller 2006)

Gas evolution between Myr ago and R136 formation. Observation (Smith et al. 1987)Simulation (Young stars)

Age-dating of GCs (+metallicities) Comparison of theoretical isochrones with the main sequence turnoff (e.g., Da costa 1991; Rich et al. 2001) Spectroscopic determination of abundance (e.g., Olszewski et al. 1991) (Rich et al. 2001) CMD of NGC 2121 from HST T=3.2 Gyr, [Fe/H]=-0.68

Two modes of star formation. (1)Field star formation based on the Schmidt law (Schmidt 1959) (2)Cluster formation from colliding clouds (Kumai et al. 1993). (3)Discrete gas cloud models. (4)Instantaneous chemical recycling.

(2) Star formation rates. (1) Cloud-cloud collision rate (30<V rel <100 km/s). (3) Number of newly formed GC. Past Present

The present status of ``the age gap problem ’’ (Rich et al. 2001) Age (Gyr) [Fe/H]

XY New stars Gas Distributions of gas and new stars with ages < 20 Myr

The orbital evolution of the Clouds for the last ~ 0.8 Gyr. LMC-SMC LMC-Galaxy SMC-Galaxy

No age gap in the SMC ? (Piatti et al. 2002) Age (Gyr) [Fe/H] LMC GC SMC GC

An alternative scenario…. The LMC’s stellar halo is also flattened (Subramaniam 2005) and has a significant amount of rotation ?

The age distribution of GCs in the SMC (Piatti et al. 2005)

LMC/Dwarf meeting in Vienna. (Rathaus)

Physical properties: MW vs. LMC S(B)bc 3.5 kpc *10 9 M sun Ir (barred) 1.5 kpc *10 8 M sun Hubble type M v HI mass Scale length [Fe/H] Number of GC (From van den Bergh 2000)

Velocity offset and bimodality in the MB (Muller et al. 2003; 2005). DEC Velocity

Recent development in the tidal model of the MS. Almost purely gaseous MS for a realistic disk model of the SMC (Yoshizawa & Noguchi 2003). Reproduction of the spatial and kinematical bifurcation of the MS by the tidal model (Connors et al. 2004, 2006). GasStars

From specific to generic. Lessons from the Clouds (I) Formation of intergalatic HII regions. HI gas and intergalactic HII regions in NGC 1533 (Ryan-Weber et al. 2004) HII Regions.

Lessons from the Clouds (II) Formation of young binary star clusters. NGC 5128 Binary GC candidates (230 x 170 pc) (Minniti et al. 2004)

The Magellanic dreams (Future works): Magellanic proper motion and dynamics/SFHs. Ultimate dreams: The construction of a model explaining everything from GC kinematics to 30 Doradus. Realistic dreams: The construction of a model for the last 0.2 Gyr evolution of the Clouds based on future proper motion data sets. Magellanic orbits Consistent with proper motion Data (BC05). Time Distance

Reconstructing the long- term star formationhistory. Starbursts for the last ~ 5 Gyrs ? (e.g., Butcher 1977; Holtzman et al. 1997; Elston et al. 1997) Different SFH in different regions ? (e.g., Vallenari et al. 1996; Olsen 1999). Enhanced star formation rates 4-6 and 1-2 Gyr ago (e.g., Smecker-Hane et al. 2002). Different histories between field and cluster populations ? (e.g., Olszewski et al. 1996)

The location of the simulated LMC, its bar etc…

The Magellanic Inferno

The MB formation (Bekki & Muller 2006). The bimodality in the velocity field of the MB (e.g., Muller 2006). The significant differences in structures and kinematics between the northern and southern parts of the MB. (Muller et al. 2005). Age distributions of young stars along the MB ?

Physical mechanisms for (the large- scale) recent star formation history ? Stochastic self- propagating SF (SSPSF: Seiden et al. 1979). Bow-shock-induced SF (de Boer et al. 1998). Dynamical influence of the off-center bar (Gardiner et al. 1998). Vacuum UV image of the LMC (Smith et al. 1987)

Orbital evolution of the Clouds is everything…..however, we do not know the details of their past orbits…… We need to know proper motion of the Clouds, the Galactic mass growth history………..

Open questions. When and how was the LMC bar formed ? Why does the stellar halo have an exponential radial profile ? What mechanisms are responsible for the thick disk with an elliptic isophotal shape ? Whether or not the SMC tidal effects can be responsible for the disk heating and for the bar formation ? How can we understand the dependences of the LMC’s kinematical properties on the age of stellar populations ? How are the HI arms with peculiar morphologies formed ? How can we understand the origin of 2D structure and kinematics of HI ? Whether or not starbursts are happened a few or several Gyr ago ? Why are the stellar populations of the bar dominated by younger stars ? What mechanisms are responsible for the abrupt metal enrichment in the LMC disk ? Why are the shapes of LMC clusters so flattened ? What is the origin of the age gap in the LMC cluster system ? Why does the LMC have so many binary clusters ? Why does the LMC cluster system appear to be rotationally supported ? ……….and more…….

The short-term (< 1 Gyr) evolution of the Clouds. The long-term evolution of the Clouds for ~ 9 Gyr (Bekki & Chiba 2005) and for ~ 4 Gyr (Mastropietro et al. 2005) is numerically costly for this purpose…. However, there are still wide parameter spaces of the simulations…… LMC SMC  -90  -60  =8h  =4h  =6h (Simulations BC06a)

LMC’s orbital and morphological evolution

Model parameters. Initial 3D velocities, masses of the Clouds, gas mass fraction….. The size-ratio of the stellar disk to the gaseous one (R HI /R s ~ 2). The extended HI in NGC 2915 (Muerer et al. 1995) Stellar disk Gas disk

Structure and kinematics derived from different stellar populations. RR Lyrae (Kinman et al. 1991;Minniti et al. 2003; Alves 2004). Carbon stars (Kunkel et al. 1997; Graff et al. 2000; Alves & Nelson 2000; van der Marel et al. 2002). Long-Period variables (Hughes et al. 1991). Red clumps (Olsen & Salyk 2002). CH stars (Hartwick & Cowley 1988). Red giant (Zaritsky & Lin 1997). PN (Meatheringham et al. 1988; Egan et al. 2001; Stanghellini 2003). Cepheid variables (Caldwell & Coulson 1986). Star clusters (Freeman et al 1983; Schommer et al. 1992). Wide-field imaging (Bothun & Thompson 1988). (2MASS, DENIS, OGLEII, etc..)