Figure 44.0 Fox in snow

Figure 44.1 Regulators and conformers

Figure 44.2 A partial energy and material bookkeeping for ten years in the life of a young woman

Figure 44.3 Heat exchange between an organism and its environment

Figure 44.4 The relationship between body temperature and ambient (environmental) temperature in an ectotherm and an endotherm

Figure 44.0 Fox in snow

Figure 44.5 Countercurrent heat exchangers

Figure 44.6 Skin as an organ of thermoregulation

Figure 44.6x Skin, cross section

Figure 44.3x Heat exchange

Figure 44.7x Behavioral adaptation for thermoregulation

Figure 44.8 Thermoregulation in large, active fishes

Figure 44.9 Thermoregulation in moths

Figure The thermostat function of the hypothalamus and feedback mechanisms in human thermoregulation

Figure Body temperature and metabolism during hibernation of Belding’s ground squirrel

Figure Salt-excreting glands in birds

Figure Nitrogenous wastes

Figure 8.11 Osmosis

Figure 44.14a Osmoregulation in a saltwater fish

Figure 44.14b Osmoregulation in a freshwater fish

Figure Anhydrobiosis: Hydrated tardigrade (left), dehydrated tardigrade (right)

Figure Water balance in two terrestrial mammals

Figure Key functions of excretory systems: an overview

Figure Protonephridia: the flame-bulb system of a planarian

Figure Metanephridia of an earthworm

Figure Malpighian tubules of insects

Figure The human excretory system at four size scales

Figure The nephron and collecting duct: regional functions of the transport epithelium

Figure How the human kidney concentrates urine: the two-solute model (Layer 3)

Figure Hormonal control of the kidney by negative feedback circuits

Figure A vampire bat (Desmodus rotundas), a mammal with a unique excretory situation