“Lighting the Way to Technology through Innovation” The Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics University at Buffalo EMERGING OPPPRTUNITIES INPHOTONICS P.N.Prasad

Mission  Multidisciplinary Frontier Research in Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics Federal, State and Industrial Support ($26 million)  Education and Training NSF-funded Integrative Graduate Education and Research Training (IGERT) NSF-funded Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU)  Industrial Collaboration – Co-development, Industrial training, advanced testing  Technology Transfer - 3 spin off companies (ACIS, Hybrid Technologies and NanoBiotix); Three patents licensed in 2004  International collaboration – joint research, student exchange, joint workshop The Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics

EMERGINGOPPPRTUNITIESINPHOTONICS Nonlinear Photonics Biophotonics Femtosecond Photonics Nanophotonics Quantum Information Processing Spintronics, Spinphotonics Optical Trapping

QUANTUM INFORMATION PROCESSING Quantum Computing Coherent Control Photon Entanglement Electromagnetically Induced Transparency Slow Light Quantum Encryption Quantum Imaging

Quantum Coherence and Interference Quantum superposition and the resulting parallelism X. Hu, University at Buffalo

K.–J. Boller, A. Imamolu, and S. E. Harris PRL 66, (1991). Electromagnetically Induced Transparency 11 22 33     Medium is transparent for probe (   ) beam when pumped by high intensity pump (   ) beam Proposed independently by O.Kocharovskaya & Ya.Khanin (Russia, 1988) and S.E.Harris (USA, 1989). First experimentally demonstrated by S.E.Harris in 1991 (strontium vapor). Applications: Slowing down the light Enhanced optical nonlinearity of media Laser without inversion

Our Approach: Electromagnetically-Induced Transparency in Nanocomposites Rare-earth ions containing nanocrystallites in glass or polymer (Pr 3+  ions) - choice of ions (localized states insensitive to long range order) to reduce inhomogeneous dephasing. - choice of surrounding crystalline lattice of low frequency phonons to reduce phonon- induced dephasing. - ease of processing into films, fibers, and waveguides.

NONLINEAR PHOTONICS Multiphoton Processes Electro-Optics Polymers Photorefractivity at Communication Wavelengths Chiral Nonlinearity

Multifunctional Materials }}} Two-photon process Three-photon process Four-photon process Multiphoton Up-conversion Lasing: IR – to – Visible Up-conversion

2-Photon Photocuring Low Energy Cure Photodynamic Therapy Noninvasive Cancer Treatment 3 D Optical Data Storage 1000 CDs in 1 cm 3 2&3-Photon Pumped Upconverted Lasing Blue Light From a Plastic Laser MPA Macromolecules Applications 2-Photon Nanofabrication Couplers, Gratings Sensor Platforms 2-Photon Fluorescence Microscopy NDE of PaintBio Detection Bio-imaging Detector Lens Flow Cell Membrane Bacteria Flourophor Nano-particles Diode-Laser Vaia, AFRL

Three- Photon Excited Amplified Emission l pump =1300nm l em max =553nm He et al., Nature 415, 767 (2002) l pump =1770nm l em max =553nm Four-Photon Excited Amplified Emission pump

FEMTOSECOND PHOTONICS Femto-second Laser Technology Broadband Optical Communications Femto-second Laser Materials Processing Femto-second Laser Surgery Benefits: TIME RESOLUTION, HIGH INTENSITY, WIDE BANDWIDTH

FEMTOSECOND LASERS Sub-2-cycle pulses Phase control Optical clocks ULTRAFAST STUDIES Transient nonlinear spectroscopy Coherent optical phonons Semiconductor dynamics MEDICAL APPLICATIONS Two-photon microscopy Optical coherence tomography Femto-laser surgery MICRO-MACHINING Waveguide fabrication COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS Spectrally sliced WDM Ultra-high bit rate OTDM Erich P. Ippen, MIT

Mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser oscillator Pulsed Ti:sapphire laser amplifier ~790 nm ~140 fs 1 kHz ~150 mW Focusing lens Heavy water cell Collimating lens Sample cell Imaging lens-set Dispersion prism CCD-array detector Iris (Blue emission) (IR emission) (Continuum beam) (Pump beam) Iris ND filters Strip attenuator FEMTOSECOND CONTINUUM MULTIPHOTON SPECTROSCOPY

Two-photon process 3D- Optical Micro/Nano-fabrication using femtosecond pulses 200  m 3D- Optical Circuits Width  150 nm 70 nm  Period  290 nm 160 nm  One Photon recordingTwo Photon recordingMEMS : Micro/Nano fabrication Two-photon fabrication

OPTICAL TRAPPING Laser Cooling Measurement of Weak Forces Dynamically Reconfigurable Assemblies and Patterns Biological Manipulation

Measurement of colloidal forces in liquid crystal In collaboration with Smalyukh and Lavrentovich, ILC, Kent State University Director Perpendicular anchoring: dipole interaction (F~1/d 4 ) Tangential anchoring: quadruple interaction (F~1/d 6 ) Micro-particles in Nematic Liquid Crystal with uniform director: different type of anchoring results in different inter-particle interaction

Measurement of line tension in liquid crystal In collaboration with Smalyukh and Lavrentovich, ILC, Kent State University

Living Cell Trapping and Stretching

Multiple trapping by one beam

Nanoscale Optical Interaction and Dynamics Nonradiative Processes for Photonic Functions/Dynamics : <10 nm Optically Induced Photonic Functions/Dynamics: sub wavelengths Manifestations:  Size Dependent Optical Transitions  Novel Optical Resonances  Nano-control of Excitations Dynamics  Manipulation of Light Propagation  Nanoscopic Field Enhancement NANOPHOTONICS

1: Introduction 2: Foundations for Nanophotonics 3: Near-Field Interaction and Microscopy 4: Quantum-Confined Materials 5: Plasmonics 6: Nanocontrol of Excitation Dynamics 7: Growth and Characterization of nanomaterials 8: Nanostructured Molecular Architectures 9: Photonic Crystals 10: Nanocomposites 11: Nanolithography 12: Biomaterials and Nanophotonics 13: Nanophotonics for Biotechnology and Nanomedicine 14: Nanophotonics and the Market Place Nanophotonics Paras N. Prasad John Wiley & Sons, 2004

High Data Transfer Rate Space-ground Communication Polymer Electro-optics High Bandwidth Multilevel Photonic Processing with Reconfigurable Interconnects Three-D Optical Circuits, Photonics Crystals, Nanophotonics for Information Technology High Contrast Large Area and Ultra Thin Flexible Display Polymer LED Photonic Based Smart Sensor for Remote Health Monitoring Sensors with Photonic Processing Rollable, Light Weight, Large Area Photovoltaics Solar Harvesting, Broadband and Multifunctional Nanocomposites High Density Data Storage Two-photon Technology

Nanocomposites for Broad Band and Efficient Photovoltaic, Solar Cells, Photorefractivity at Communication Wavelengths Hole transporting polymer + Inorganic semiconductor quantum dots Features: Efficient photosensitization over a broad wavelength covering from UV to IR by choice of the size and type of inorganic Enhanced carrier mobility of nanocomposites for improved collection efficiency

Quantum Engineering of InP/II-VI Core-shell nanocrystals InP, and InP/II-VI-Core-Shell Nanocrystals Core/Shell nanocrystal InP II-VI Core/Buffer/Shell nanocrystal (also magnetic nanocrystals) InP II-VI Etched InP nanocrystals and Core-Shell nanocrystals (302nm excitation) InP/CdS InP/CdSeEtched InP InP/ZnS

Size Tuning of Photosensitization in IR using PbSe Quantum Dots (Dispersion in tetrachloroethylene) Photogeneration Quantum Efficiency of PbSe Quantum Dots: PVK nanocomposites at 1.55µm

Asymmetric Two-Beam Coupling in PbSe nanocrystal sensitized PR composite: photorefractivity at 1.55  m

Photonic Crystals Nanostructured Dielectrics 3D3D 2D2D1D1D

Novel Manifestations in Photonic Crystals Complex band structure Field enhancement - Low threshold lasing - Enhanced nonlinear optical effects Superprism effect - Negative refraction - Large angle deflection - Ultradiffraction Anomalous refractive index dispersion - Control of light propogation - Phase-matching for harmonic generation - Self-collimation

Third-Harmonic Generation in Photonic Crystals 40 nm off

P. Crystal Infiltration with Resin & 2-photon Lithography P. Crystal & Linear Defects Objective 1x2 Beam Splitter (5microns below surface) Grating Two-photon fluorescence Photonic Crystal Defect Engineering: Microcavites, Optical Circuitry One-photon fluorescence

Power Generation and Conversion Information Technology Sensor Technology Nanomedicine Opportunities in Nanophotonics

Biophotonics Flow Cytometry Bioimaging Biosensors Photodynamic Therapy Nanomedicine Laser Tweezers and Scissors Microarrays NonViral Gene Therapy

Introduction to Biophotonics Paras N. Prasad (John Wiley & Sons, 2003) SUMMARY OF CONTENTS 1.Introduction 2.Fundamentals of Light and Matter 3.Basics of Biology 4.Fundamentals of Light-Matter Interactions 5.Principles of Lasers, Current Laser Technology, and Nonlinear Optics 6.Photobiology 7.Bioimaging: Principles and Techniques 8.Bioimaging: Applications 9.Biosensors 10.Microarray Technology for Genomics and Proteomics 11.Flow Cytometry 12.Light-Activated Therapy: Photodynamic Therapy 13.Tissue Engineering with Light 14.Laser Tweezers and Laser Scissors 15.Nanotechnology for Biophotonics: Bionanophotonics 16.Biomaterials for Photonics

Nanomedicine A vision for future health, utilizing cross-fertilization of nanotechnology and biology to produce novel approaches for probing biological processes at the molecular, subcellular and cellular levels. For sensing and bioimaging of biological events For incorporating multimodal diagnostics For implementing effective and safe targeted therapy

Folate Receptor Mediated Quantum Dot Imaging

Receptor mediated endocytosis of InP ZnS Core Shell Quantum dots with folic acid in KB cells. KB cells are known to be Folate receptor positive Transmission Luminescence image Quantum dots for bio-imaging under two-photon excitation

Multimodal Imaging 50 µm Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticle Fluorescent dye Enhanced Contrast MRI In vivo fluorescence imaging H HO COOH HOO HOOC OH COOH HOOC HOOC OH HOOC COOH HOOC OH COOH HOOC HOOC OH COOH COOH HOOC OH i

Enhanced MRI Contrast for Cancer Enhanced In Vivo Imaging for Drug And Therapeutic Action NANOMEDICINE: Nanotechnology in Biomedical Systems

Photodynamic Therapy Porphyrin Porphyrin + O 2 singlet h O2O2 ( Localizes and accumulates at tumor sites ) Destroys Cancerous Cells

Bifunctional Chromophores for Photodynamic Therapy. Real time monitoring of drug distribution, localization and activation. Conditions : Photosensitizer absorbs at a shorter wavelength than the fluorophore No significal energy transfer from the photosensitizer to the fluorophore At the excitation of fluorophore no photodynamic therapeutic action. Collaboration: Dr. R. Pandey, Roswell Park Cancer Institute Fluorophore for imaging Photosensitizer

Dr. R. Pandey, Roswell Park Cancer Institute Distribution of 5 in various organ parts at (A) 48 and (B) 72 h post injection from RIF tumor bearing mice; imaging by fluorescence from cyanine fluorophore Studies of PDT efficacy in vitro and uptake of the conjugate in vivo

DNA HPPH EthD-1 h ” h ’h ’” FRET (intercalated into DNA) ORMOSIL (20 nm) (FRET) Optically Trackable ORMOSIL Nanoparticles for Gene Delivery I. Roy, T. Y. Ohulchanskyy, D. J. Bharali, H. E. Pudavar, R. A. Mistretta, N. Kaur, and P. N. Prasad. PNAS, 102 (2): 279 (2005).

Cellular Uptake of DNA loaded ORMOSIL nanoparticles and subsequent translocation of DNA into the nucleus of the cell In Vitro Uptake and Transfection of Cells by ORMOSIL/DNA Nanoparticles Expression of eGFP in cells transfected with eGFP ORMOSIL nanoparticles vector DNA delivered into cell nuclei eGFP expression

Gene transfer into neural Stem/Progenitor cells In vivo Imaging of EGFP Expression

In vivo Bioimaging, Spectroscopy, and Optical Biopsy Nano-Biophotonic Probes Single Molecule Biofunctions Multiphoton Processes for Biotechnology Real-Time Monitoring of Drug Interactions Opportunities in Biophotonics

Acknowledgements Researchers at the Institute:  Prof. G. S. He  Prof. M. Samoc  Prof. E. Bergey  Prof. A. Cartwright  Prof. M. Swihart  Prof. E. Furlani  Dr. P.Markowicz  Dr. A. Kachynski  Dr. A. Kuzmin  Dr. Y. Sahoo  Dr. H. Pudavar  Dr. T. Ohulchanskyy  Dr. D. Bharali  Dr. D. Lucey  Dr. K. Baba  Dr. J. Liu DURINT/AFSOR NSF NIH Oishei Foundation Outside Collaborators  Prof. R.Boyd  Prof. M. Stachowiak  Dr. A. Oseroff  Dr. R. Pandey  Dr. J. Morgan  Dr. P Dandona