Homer as History Remnants of Mycenaean Epic?. Wall Remnants Troy.

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Presentation transcript:

Homer as History Remnants of Mycenaean Epic?

Wall Remnants Troy

Geometric panel Trojan Horse

Troy 2004

Dark Age and Geometric Greece Post-Mycenaean World ( BCE )  Destruction of Palace Centers ca BCE  Colonization of Asia Minor Coast Crete (cf. Odyssey, ; Cyprus)  Rudimentary Material Culture on Mainland non-literate society based on villages approximate 75% population decline disruption of trade; disappearance of imports

Post-Mycenaean Movements

Language Map of Post-Mycenaean World

Discontinuities with Mycenaean Past  Cremation instead of Inhumation  Introduction of Iron-Working (from Cyprus)  Emergence of Athens (embarkation point for colonizers; leader in proto-geometric pottery ca BCE ; continuity of habitation (?); continuous series of graves in Kerameikos from sub-Mycenaean times)  Disappearance of Literacy: Iliad 6.168: “baleful signs” (semata lugra)

Sub-Mycenaean Vase Kerameikos Cemetery (Athens)

Geometric Amphora

Homeric Poems and Geometric Folk Memory of Bronze Age Greece  Iliad and Odyssey: conservative nature of oral epic poetry  Discovery: Milman Parry and Serbo- Croatian epic  Reappearance of Writing in Greece ca BCE : Homeric epic and a society in transition

Mycenaean Survivals in Homer  King is wanax, not basileus  King is chief judge, priest, and warlord  Place names of no importance in Geometric period (Iliad 2, “Catalogue of Ships”)  Palace-controlled society

Dark Age Migrations

The Homeric World

Anachronisms: Homeric World as Composite World  Weaponry: boar’s tooth helmet probably out of use by the time of the Trojan expedition; spear is thrown in Homer; Myceneans used thrusting spear  Crete an Achaean island in Homer  Cremation in Homer; no mention of tholos tombs  Homer has no knowledge of palace bureaucracies (Linear B)  Iron used for tools and implements; importance of Boeotia

Who Was Homer? Does It Matter?  Historical Personage?: “Homer was a man’s name, not the Greek equivalent of “Anonymous”, and that is the one certain fact about him” ~ M.I. Finley, World of Odysseus, 15  The Circularity of the Biographical Tradition (Lefkowitz); Homer=“he who weaves together”? (Vermeule)

Representation of Homer

Homeric Influences: Homeric Ethics and the Competitive Excellences of the Warrior  Akhilleus as Model: Individual over Community? Glorification of War?  Aristocratic Privilege (cf. Thersites at Iliad )  Status and the Gift (Briseis in Iliad 1): zero-sum competition  Homer’s Authority: Thucydides on Trojan War (1.9-11) Athenian/Megarian War, ca. 600 BCE (Plutarch, Solon, 10)