International Cooperation in High Energy Physics Barry Barish Caltech 30-Oct-06

Hawaii DPF2 International Collaboration a brief history The Beginning of Modern Particle Physics –The Discovery of the  Meson (1947) by Cecil Powell of the University of Bristol, using photographic emulsions at sites located at high altitude mountains (first at Pic du Midi de Bigorre in the Pyrenees and later at Chacaltaya in the Andes –This led to an international collaboration searching for cosmic ray interactions using an American balloon and British emulsions.

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF3 International Collaboration a brief history Then Began the Era of Large Particle Accelerators –Required significant resources –I.I. Rabi in recognized and stated, “the urgency of creating regional centres and laboratories in order to increase and make fruitful the international collaboration of scientists in fields where the effort of any one country is insufficient for the task.” –This soon led to accelerator projects at BNL (1947) and the setting up of CERN in Geneva in 1952 CERN Synchro- Cyclotron 600 MeV 1957

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF4 International Collaboration a brief history Big Bubble Chambers (1960s) –Large (often international) teams formed to analyze millions of pictures

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF5 International Collaboration a brief history Big Bubble Chambers (1960s) –Large (often international) teams formed to analyze millions of pictures –This led to the discovery of the large number of “so-called” elementary particles –SU(3) and the Quark Model made sense of this jungle of particles Discovery of Omego-minus

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF6 International Collaboration a brief history Scintillators, Spark Chambers and Triggered Experiments (the alternate approach) –Discoveries - antiprotons; CP violation; two neutrinos; etc

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF7 International Collaboration a brief history Then the November Revolution (1974) –The unexpected discovery of the J/  Proton Collisions Big Electronic Detector Electron Positron Big Collider Detector

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF8 International Collaboration a brief history The Beginning of the Era of the Collider –Large Magnetic Detectors and Large International Collaborations –The Standard Model confirmed in detail at LEP –ALEPH physicists from 32 institutes in 10 countries.

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF9 International Collaboration a brief history Large non-Accelerator Detectors –Neutrino Oscillations SuperKamiokande KamLAND SNO Detector

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF10 International Collaboration a brief history B factories –Belle and BaBar –CP Violation in B Physics

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF11 International Collaboration a brief history Emergence of Particle Astrophysics –Highest Energy Cosmic Rays –The Interface of Particle Physics and High Energy Cosmic Ray Physics

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF12 International Collaboration a brief history Emergence of Particle Astrophysics –TeV Gamma Ray Astronomy –The Interface of Particle Physics and Astrophysics

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF13 Pacific Region

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF14 Pacific Region human resources

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF15 Pacific Region growing economic power

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF16 Pacific Region growing economic power

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF17 U.S. West Coast The Role of the Pacific Region The B-factories –SLAC –LBNL and the West Coast Universities – Univ of California; Caltech; Stanford; Oregon etc.

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF18 U.S. – Univ of Hawaii The Role of the Pacific Region Hawaii Anita Belle SuperK BES

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF19 U.S. – Univ of Hawaii The Role of the Pacific Region KamLAND … reaches the earth’s center

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF20 JAPAN The Role of the Pacific Region Superkamiokande KamLAND KEK –Belle (CP; B Physics)

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF21 Emerging Asia The Role of the Pacific Region China India

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF22 Emerging Asia The Role of the Pacific Region Korea –Long Baseline Neutrinos

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF23 International Collaboration how did we get here? Theorists have collaborated worldwide scientist to scientist with few barriers Experimentalists also developed scientist to scientist collaboration internationally, but involves resources. International Union for Physics and Applied Physics (IUPAP) created the International Committee for Future Accelerators (ICFA) in 1976 –ICFA sponsored a resolution which was supported by all the existing laboratories (and by implication, the sponsoring agencies) to the effect that criteria for acceptance of proposals on high energy accelerator facilities should be based only on scientific merit and ability of the proposers to carry out the research.

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF24 International Collaboration now and in the future Experiments in all areas are performed by large international collaborations Facilities – Accelerators; Underground Facilities; Space are generally supported nationally or regionally The next step is internationalizing the facilties for the next generation of science –Large Hadron Collider – Regional with International Participants –International Linear Collider – International from Concept to Proposal to Governance to the Science

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF25 International Collaboration what’s the future? ICFA has continued for 50 years to lead in the development of the field and the use of facilities –Accelerator R&D –Computer networking –Large Collaborations Recent statements and actions toward the International Linear Collider have been crucial CERN is our closest approximation of an international laboratory -- LHC is the next big facility in the field, involving CERN member states and many others.

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF26 Accelerators and the Energy Frontier Large Hadron Collider CERN – Geneva Switzerland

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF27 Electron Positron Colliders The Energy Frontier

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF28 Why e + e - Collisions ? elementary particles well-defined –energy, –angular momentum uses full COM energy produces particles democratically can mostly fully reconstruct events

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF29 Electroweak Precision Measurements What causes mass?? The mechanism – Higgs or alternative appears around the corner

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF30 The linear collider will measure the spin of any Higgs it can produce by measuring the energy dependence from threshold How do you know you have discovered the Higgs ? Measure the quantum numbers. The Higgs must have spin zero !

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF31 International Technology Review Panel

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF32 The ITRP Recommendation We recommend that the linear collider be based on superconducting rf technology –This recommendation is made with the understanding that we are recommending a technology, not a design. We expect the final design to be developed by a team drawn from the combined warm and cold linear collider communities, taking full advantage of the experience and expertise of both (from the Executive Summary).

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF33 SCRF Technology Recommendation The recommendation of ITRP was presented to ILCSC & ICFA on August 19, 2004 in a joint meeting in Beijing. ICFA unanimously endorsed the ITRP’s recommendation on August 20, 2004

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF 年 7 月 Asia Global Effort on Design / R&D for ILC Joint Design, Implementation, Operations, Management Host Country Provides Conventional Facilities EU US

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF35 Designing a Linear Collider Superconducting RF Main Linac

30-Oct-06Hawaii DPF36 International Collaboration conclusions International Collaboration in High Energy Physics is more important than ever. The Pacific Region is capable of playing a major and increasing role as we enter the coming era. The Mission of Particle Physics is expanding, to embrace much of the forward looking science spearheaded in the Pacific Region over the past decade Asia will be full partners and perhaps hosts of the next great particle accelerator – the ILC