CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM GOES/POES Status, Orbits, and Products Dr. Bernie Connell CIRA/NOAA-RAMMT March 2005

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM Outline GOES vs. POES GOES Satellite and Sensors Orbit Image Scheduling Channels and Products (Imager and Sounder) POES Orbit Image Availability Channels and Products

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM Why do you need to know this? Let you know what resources are available currently or what resources will be available in the future Help you understand key features of the various satellites. Define periods when you expect to view images. Define what is happening when you do not see images.

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM GOES vs. POES Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite geo-synchronous orbit 35,800 km above the earth Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite sun-synchronous orbit 850 km above the earth 850 km 35,800 km

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM The GOES and POES Systems Environmental Sensing : –Acquisition, Processing, and Dissemination of imaging and sounding data. –Space environment monitor Data Collection: –Interrogate and receive data from earth surface- based Data Collection Platforms Data Broadcast: –Continuous relay of weather facsimile and other meteorological data to small users –Relay of distress signals from aircraft or marine vessels to the search and rescue ground station GOES I-M DataBook, NOAA KLM User’s Guide

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM Characteristics of GOES Observes events and their evolution Repeat coverage in minutes (t = 15 or 30 minutes (or less)) Full earth disk Restricted viewing of high-latitudes due to large viewing angles; excellent viewing of the tropics Same viewing angle for fixed point Differing solar illumination for fixed point throughout the day Resolution: visible – 1 km, infrared 4 km sounder – 10 km Constant hourly viewing helps get clear field of view for sounding Passive sensors Satellite Meteorology: Remote Sensing Using the New GOES Imager

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM Characteristics of POES Observes events at fixed and infrequent times Repeat coverage twice daily (t =12 hours) Global coverage Excellent viewing of all latitudes Varying viewing angle Same solar illumination Resolution: visible – 1 km, infrared – 1 km sounders: microwave – km, infrared - 20 km Microwave helps with atmospheric and surface detection in the presence of clouds Passive and Active sensors Satellite Meteorology: Remote Sensing Using the New GOES Imager

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM Image Resolution The design of the sensor and resulting image resolution is determined by many factors: Detail in the horizontal (imagers) Detail in the vertical (sounders) Satellite distance from earth (36,000 km vs. 850 km) Resolving power of the lens and the wavelength of radiation. Size of sensor (cost)

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM Active vs. Passive Sensors A passive sensor measures energy emitted by another source. An active sensor, such as a weather radar, measures the return signal from a pulse of energy emitted by the sensor itself.

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM Multispectral vs. Hyperspectral Multispectral sensors – sensors that collect imagery for a small number of broad wavelength bands Hyperspectral sensors – sensors that collect imagery for a large number (hundreds) of narrow contiguous wavelength bands.

The GOES Spacecraft GOES-8 Spacecraft GOES I-M DataBook

Area Scan (For GOES 8 – 11) GOES-12 has a wider spectral band for the water vapor channel and the 12.0 um channel has been replaced with a 13.3 um channel. GOES I-M DataBook Imager

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM GOES Imager Channels GOES Wavelength CentralNumber of Detector Channel (µm) Wavelength Detectors Resolution (µm) (per scan) (km) _________________________________________________________ Visible Shortwave IR G G Longwave IR

GOES Sounder Channels Channel Center Wavelength (um) Comment (spectral region, application) Channel Center Wavelength (um) Comment (spectral region, application) CO 2, Stratosphereic temperature Water vapor, Lower to mid- level tropospheric moisture CO 2, Stratosphereic temperature Water vapor, mid-level tropospheric moisture CO 2, Upper-tropospheric temperature Water vapor, upper-level tropospheric moisture CO 2, Mid-tropospheric temperature CO2, Lower-level tropospheric temperature CO 2, Lower-tropospheric temperature CO2, Mid-level tropospheric temperature Water vapor, lower- tropospheric moisture CO2, Upper-level tropospheric temperature Water vapor, “dirty” (moisture contaminated) window CO2, Boundary-layer temperature Window, cloud-top and surface temperature Window, cloud top and surface temperature Ozone, stratospheric ozone Window, cloud top and surface temperature Visible 0.94 Visible window, cloud top and surface features Resolution = 10 km Longwave Midwave Shortwave Satellite Meteorology: Using the GOES Sounder

GOES I-M DataBook GOES

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM SECTOR DURATION MINS:SECS CONUS 4:48 N. HEMIS. EXT 14:13 S. HEMIS. 4:48 FULL DISK 26:05 GOES-EAST ROUTINE IMAGER SCHEDULE SECTORS

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM SECTOR DURATION MINS:SECS CONUS 4:43 N. HEMISPHERE 9:44 S. HEMIS. S. S. 1:45 FULL DISK 26:05 GOES-EAST RAPID SCAN IMAGER SCHEDULE SECTORS

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM SECTOR DURATION MINS:SECS CONUS 4:43 N. HEMISPHERE 9:44 SRSO (Maryland) 1:02 FULL DISK 26:05 GOES-EAST SUPER RAPID SCAN IMAGER SCHEDULE SECTORS

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM GOES-EAST SOUNDER SCAN SCHEDULES SECTOR DURATION MINS:SECS CONUS 30:00 E. CARIBBEAN 22:00 GULF OF MEXICO 22:00 N. ATLANTIC 22:00

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM GOES Imager Products Heavy Rainfall High density winds Fog/low cloud Inflight Icing Volcanic ash detection Fire detection

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM GOES Sounder Products Lifted Index CAPE Convective Inhibition Total Precipitable Water Surface Skin Temperature Water vapor winds

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM POES Main Operational POES: NOAA DMSP Semi-operational POES: QuikSCAT Terra and Aqua (contain MODIS imager)

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM NOAA KLM System Sensors of interest Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer/3 (AVHRR/3) Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit – A (AMSU – A) Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit – B (AMSU – B) High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS/3)

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Sensors of interest Special Sensor Microwave / Imager (SSM/I) Special Sensor Microwave / Temperature (SSM/T) – Atmospheric Temperature Profiler SSM/T2 – Atmospheric Water Vapor Profiler

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM Cross-track Scanning (AVHRR, AMSU, MODIS) Polar Satellite Products for the Operational Forecaster – COMET CD Module

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM Conical Scanning –SSM/I Polar Satellite Products for the Operational Forecaster – COMET CD

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM Orbital Coverage Introduction to POES data and products – COMET/VISIT teletraining Satellite makes one orbit (360°) in about 100 min; i.e., it goes about 3.6°/min, or about 10° in 3 minutes. With a knowledge of which way the satellite is moving and how fast it is moving, one can estimate viewing time at a particular point.

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM AMSU coverage (2200 km swath)

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM SSMI coverage (1400 km swath) Example from NOAA’s Marine Observing Systems Team Web Page swath

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM AVHRR/3 (3000 km swath) Channel Spectral Range (um) Ground Resolution (at nadir) (km) Application Clouds, land-water boundaries, snow, ice, vegetation monitoring Clouds, land-water boundaries, snow, ice, vegetation monitoring 3A Clouds, sea surface temperature 3B Clouds, sea surface temperature Clouds, sea surface temperature Clouds, sea surface temperature

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM AVHRR Products Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Atmospheric aerosols Volcanic Ash detection Fire detection SST NDVI Aerosols Fires Volcanic Ash

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM AMSU-A AMSU-B Channel Frequencies (GHz) and Polarizations Frequencies (GHz) and Polarizations R89.0R 231.4R157.0R 350.3R /- 1R 452.8R /- 3R 553.6R /- 7R 654.4R 754.9R 855.5R 957.2R /-.217R / /-.048R / /-.022R / /-.010R / /-.0045R R Notation: x±y±z; x is the center frequency. If y appears, the center frequency is not sensed, but two bands, one on either side of the center frequency, are sensed; y is the distance from the center frequency to the center of the two pass bands. If z appears, it is the width of the two pass bands. Polarization: R = rotates with scan angle. Source: Kidder and Vonder Haar (1995)

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM SSM/I – Microwave Imager Polarization: V = vertical, H = horizontal Source: Kidder and Vonder Haar (1995); POES Microwave Applications CD - COMET Frequency (GHz)PolarizationSpatial Resolution 19.35V, H43 x 69 km 22.35V40 x 60 km 37.0V, H29 x 37 km 85.5V, H13 x 15 km

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM Meteorological Parameters Summary of Key Interactions and Potential Uses Frequencies AMSU SSMI Microwave ProcessesPotential Uses 23 GHz22GHzAbsorption and emission by water vapor Oceanic precipitable water 31, 50, 89 GHz 19, 37, 85 GHz Absorption and emission by cloud water Oceanic cloud water and rainfall 89 GHz85 GHzScattering by cloud iceLand and ocean rainfall 31, 50, 89 GHz 19, 37, 85 GHz Variations in surface emissivity: –Land vs. water –Different land types –Differenc ocean surfaces Scattering by snow and ice Land/water boundaries Soil moisture/wetness Surface vegetation Ocean surface wind speed Snow and ice cover Polar Satellite Products for the Operational Forecaster – COMET CD

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM AMSU/SSMI Products Total Precipitable Water (TPW) Cloud Liquid Water (CLW) Rain rate Snow and Ice cover TPW CLW Rain rate Snow cover Ice cover

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM QuikSCAT Orbit: Sun-synchronous, 803 km, 98.6° inclination orbit Seawinds Instrument: Microwave Radar (active sensor) 13.4 GHz Retrieval of near surface wind speed and direction Resolution on ground: 25 km 1800 km wide swath NASA/JPL web pages:

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM Example from NOAA’s Marine Observing Systems Team Web Page

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM Example from NOAA’s Marine Observing Systems Team Web Page

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer 36 spectral bands 2330 km swath width 55° view angle Resolution on ground at nadir: –1 km for all channels –250 m for bands 1 and 2 (0.645 and um) –500 m for bands 3 – 7 (0.470, 0.555, 1.240, 1.640, um)

MODIS Reflective Bands BandCentral wavelength (um)Primary Use 1, , 0.865Land/Cloud/Aerosols Boundaries 3, , 0.555Land/Cloud/Aerosols Properties 5 – , 1.640, – , 0.443, 0.490Ocean Color/ Phytoplankton/ Biogeochemistry 11 – , 0.565, – , 0.750, – , 0.936, 0.940Atmospheric Water Vapor Cirrus Clouds Emissive Bands 20 – (2), 3.959, 4.050Surface/Cloud Temperature 24, , 4.515Atmospheric Temperature 27, , 7.325Cirrus Clouds, Water Vapor Cloud Properties Ozone 31, , 12.02Surface/Cloud Temperature 33 – , , , Cloud Top Altitude

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM MODIS Aqua coverage (2330 km swath) Space Science and Engineering Center (SSEC)

MODIS Products Clear sky precipitable water (IR) Cloud fraction (daytime) Aerosol optical depth Cloud optical thickness (water) Surface albedo Normalized difference vegetation index Ecosystem classification AND MANY MORE

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM Summary of swath widths for select POES AVHRR3000 km AMSU2200 km SSMI1400 km QuikSCAT1800 km MODIS2330 km

CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM References CDs produced by the COMET program (see meted.ucar.edu) Polar Satellite Products for the Operational Forecaster POES Introduction and Background POES Microwave Applications An Introduction to POES Data and Products Satellite Meteorology: Remote Sensing Using the New GOES Imager Satellite Meteorology: Using the GOES Sounder Space Systems Loral, 1996 : GOES I-M DataBook Can be found online at: NOAA KLM User’s Guide NOAA/NESDIS Office of Satellite Operations: NOAA/NESDIS Office of Satellite Data Processing and Distribution Hastings, D. and W. Emery The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR): a brief reference guide. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 58(8): Kidder, S.Q., and T.H. Vonder Haar, 1995: Satellite Meteorology. Academic Press, 466 pp. Stan Kidder’s AMSU webpage at CIRA: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) NASA/JPL web pages: NOAA’s Marine Observing Systems Team Web Page MODIS Rapid Response System NASA MODIS Home page