Population Genetics Ch. 23 and Beyond; Lab/Lecture Same

Math Calisthenics I Ladybug Population Generation One Calculate TOTAL # A AA = 200 Aa = 100 aa = 200 Calculate Total # a

Math Calisthenics I Ladybug Population Generation One Calculate TOTAL # A (200 X 2) + (100 X 1) Total A = 500 AA = 200 Aa = 100 aa = 200 Calculate Total # a (200 X 2) + (100 X 1) Total a = 500

Calculate TOTAL # A (200 X 2) + (100 X 1) Total A = 500 Convert to % A Calculate Total # a (200 X 2) + (100 X 1) Total a = 500 Convert to % a

Calculate TOTAL # A (200 X 2) + (100 X 1) Total A = 500 Convert to % A 500/1000 = 0.5 (AVOID USING 50%) Calculate Total # a (200 X 2) + (100 X 1) Total a = 500 Convert to % a 500/1000 = 0.5 (AVOID USING 50%)

Ladybug Population Generation Two Calculate TOTAL # A AA = 300 Aa = 100 aa = 100 Calculate Total # a

Ladybug Population Generation Two Calculate TOTAL # A (300 X 2) + (100 X 1) Total A = 700 AA = 300 Aa = 100 aa = 100 Calculate Total # a (100 X 2) + (100 X 1) Total a = 300

Calculate TOTAL # A (300 X 2) + (100 X 1) Total A = 700 Convert to % A Calculate Total # a (100 X 2) + (100 X 1) Total a = 300 Convert to % a

Calculate TOTAL # A (300 X 2) + (100 X 1) Total A = 700 Convert to % A 700/1000 = 0.7 Calculate Total # a (100 X 2) + (100 X 1) Total a = 300 Convert to % a 300/1000 = 0.3

In the language of population genetics, p = % DOMINANT ALLELES q = % RECESSIVE ALLELES pq Ladybug Generation 1 Ladybug Generation 2

In the language of population genetics, p = % DOMINANT ALLELES q = % RECESSIVE ALLELES pq Ladybug Generation Ladybug Generation

Class brainstorming - what might cause a shift in allele frequencies (% A/a or p/q)?

Hardy-Weinberg (1908) predicted allele frequencies would NOT change if…

LARGE POPULATION

Genetic Drift: allele % fluctuations due to TOO SMALL SAMPLE - BOTTLENECK

Hardy-Weinberg (1908) predicted allele frequencies would NOT change if… LARGE POPULATION NO MIGRATION

Hardy-Weinberg (1908) predicted allele frequencies would NOT change if… LARGE POPULATION NO MIGRATION NO MUTATIONS

Hardy-Weinberg (1908) predicted allele frequencies would NOT change if… LARGE POPULATION NO MIGRATION NO MUTATIONS MATING RANDOM

Hardy-Weinberg (1908) predicted allele frequencies would NOT change if… LARGE POPULATION NO MIGRATION NO MUTATIONS MATING IS RANDOM NO SELECTION FOR CERTAIN TRAITS

Predicting and Detecting Variation

For dom/rec traits, which is only genotype you know for certain based on phenotype?

HW developed a useful predictive equation: p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1

Let’s say you want to predict the # carriers of a new recessive disease allele. Math Calisthenics II Epidemiology Data from Monmouth aa = 1600/10,000 Calculate p Calculate qCalculate p 2 & 2pq

Let’s say you want to predict the # carriers of a new recessive disease allele. Math Calisthenics II Epidemiology Data from Monmouth aa = 1600/10,000 Calculate p Calculate q q 2 = 1600/10,000 = 0.16    = 0.4 = q Calculate p 2 & 2pq

Let’s say you want to predict the # carriers of a new recessive disease allele. Math Calisthenics II Epidemiology Data from Monmouth aa = 1600/10,000 Calculate p p + q = 1… SO = p 0.6 = p Calculate q q 2 = 1600/10,000 = 0.16    = 0.4 = q Calculate p 2 & 2pq

Let’s say you want to predict the # carriers of a new recessive disease allele. Math Calisthenics II Epidemiology Data from Monmouth aa = 1600/10,000 Calculate p p + q = 1… SO = p 0.6 = p Calculate q q 2 = 1600/10,000 = 0.16    = 0.4 = q Calculate p 2 & 2pq p 2 = (0.6)(0.6) = pq = 2(0.6)(0.4) = 0.48

Check Work! Does p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1? What does this data mean??? Lab: Aside from disease/carrier status, why is knowing heterozygosity important?

Many alleles display polymorphisms detectable at DNA OR PROTEIN LEVEL

Now consider sickle cell polymorphism…

Prokaryotes make protective nucleases called RESTRICTION ENZYMES (20.1-2)

e.g. DdeI cuts CTTAG - distinguishes hemoglobin alleles (Fig. 20.9)

In lab, you will explore protein gels of enzyme complexes to predict genotypes.

Consider that some enzymes are made of single proteins - MONOMERS Hom/DomHom/RecHet/Dom 1 BAND 2 BANDS

Others are made of multiple proteins - e.g. DIMERS, 2 FOLDED CHAINS Hom/DomHom/RecHet/Dom 1 BAND 3 BANDS

Population Genetics and Evolution

Do any populations meet HW conditions? RARELY AND NOT FOR LONG

Evolution: CHANGES in the genetic makeup of a population OVER TIME