McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2008, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2008, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Security and Ethical Challenges Chapter 13

13-3 IT Security, Ethics, and Society

13-4 IT Security, Ethics, and Society Information technology has both beneficial and detrimental effects on society and people Manage work activities to minimize the detrimental effects of information technology Optimize the beneficial effects

13-5 Business Ethics Ethics questions that managers confront as part of their daily business decision making include Equity Rights Honesty Exercise of corporate power

13-6 Categories of Ethical Business Issues

13-7 Corporate Social Responsibility Theories Stockholder Theory Managers are agents of the stockholders Their only ethical responsibility is to increase the profits of the business without violating the law or engaging in fraudulent practices Social Contract Theory Companies have ethical responsibilities to all members of society, who allow corporations to exist

13-8 Corporate Social Responsibility Theories Stakeholder Theory Managers have an ethical responsibility to manage a firm for the benefit of all its stakeholders Stakeholders are all individuals and groups that have a stake in, or claim on, a company

13-9 Principles of Technology Ethics Proportionality The good achieved by the technology must outweigh the harm or risk; there must be no alternative that achieves the same or comparable benefits with less harm or risk Informed Consent Those affected by the technology should understand and accept the risks

13-10 Principles of Technology Ethics Justice The benefits and burdens of the technology should be distributed fairly. Those who benefit should bear their fair share of the risks, and those who do not benefit should not suffer a significant increase in risk Minimized Risk Even if judged acceptable by the other three guidelines, the technology must be implemented so as to avoid all unnecessary risk

13-11 Responsible Professional Guidelines A responsible professional Acts with integrity Increases personal competence Sets high standards of personal performance Accepts responsibility for his/her work Advances the health, privacy, and general welfare of the public

13-12 Computer Crime Computer crime includes Unauthorized use, access, modification, or destruction of hardware, software, data, or network resources The unauthorized release of information The unauthorized copying of software Denying an end user access to his/her own hardware, software, data, or network resources Using or conspiring to use computer or network resources illegally to obtain information or tangible property

13-13 Cybercrime Protection Measures

13-14 Hacking Hacking is The obsessive use of computers The unauthorized access and use of networked computer systems Electronic Breaking and Entering Hacking into a computer system and reading files, but neither stealing nor damaging anything Cracker A malicious or criminal hacker who maintains knowledge of the vulnerabilities found for private advantage

13-15 Common Hacking Tactics Denial of Service Hammering a website’s equipment with too many requests for information Clogging the system, slowing performance, or crashing the site Scans Widespread probes of the Internet to determine types of computers, services, and connections Looking for weaknesses

13-16 Common Hacking Tactics Sniffer Programs that search individual packets of data as they pass through the Internet Capturing passwords or entire contents Spoofing Faking an address or Web page to trick users into passing along critical information like passwords or credit card numbers

13-17 Common Hacking Tactics Trojan House A program that, unknown to the user, contains instructions that exploit a known vulnerability in some software Back Doors A hidden point of entry to be used in case the original entry point is detected or blocked Malicious Applets Tiny Java programs that misuse your computer’s resources, modify files on the hard disk, send fake , or steal passwords

13-18 Common Hacking Tactics War Dialing Programs that automatically dial thousands of telephone numbers in search of a way in through a modem connection Logic Bombs An instruction in a computer program that triggers a malicious act Buffer Overflow Crashing or gaining control of a computer by sending too much data to buffer memory

13-19 Common Hacking Tactics Password Crackers Software that can guess passwords Social Engineering Gaining access to computer systems by talking unsuspecting company employees out of valuable information, such as passwords Dumpster Diving Sifting through a company’s garbage to find information to help break into their computers

13-20 Cyber Theft Many computer crimes involve the theft of money The majority are “inside jobs” that involve unauthorized network entry and alternation of computer databases to cover the tracks of the employees involved Many attacks occur through the Internet Most companies don’t reveal that they have been targets or victims of cybercrime

13-21 Unauthorized Use at Work Unauthorized use of computer systems and networks is time and resource theft Doing private consulting Doing personal finances Playing video games Unauthorized use of the Internet or company networks Sniffers Used to monitor network traffic or capacity Find evidence of improper use

13-22 Internet Abuses in the Workplace General abuses Unauthorized usage and access Copyright infringement/plagiarism Newsgroup postings Transmission of confidential data Pornography Hacking Non-work-related download/upload Leisure use of the Internet Use of external ISPs Moonlighting

13-23 Software Piracy Unauthorized copying of computer programs Licensing Purchasing software is really a payment for a license for fair use Site license allows a certain number of copies A third of the software industry’s revenues are lost to piracy

13-24 Theft of Intellectual Property Intellectual Property Copyrighted material Includes such things as music, videos, images, articles, books, and software Copyright Infringement is Illegal Peer-to-peer networking techniques have made it easy to trade pirated intellectual property Publishers Offer Inexpensive Online Music Illegal downloading of music and video is down and continues to drop

13-25 Viruses and Worms A virus is a program that cannot work without being inserted into another program A worm can run unaided These programs copy annoying or destructive routines into networked computers Copy routines spread the virus Commonly transmitted through The Internet and online services and file attachments Disks from contaminated computers Shareware

13-26 Top Five Virus Families of all Time My Doom, 2004 Spread via and over Kazaa file-sharing network Installs a back door on infected computers Infected poses as returned message or one that can’t be opened correctly, urging recipient to click on attachment Opens up TCP ports that stay open even after termination of the worm Upon execution, a copy of Notepad is opened, filled with nonsense characters

13-27 Top Five Virus Families of all Time Netsky, 2004 Mass-mailing worm that spreads by ing itself to all addresses found on infected computers Tries to spread via peer-to-peer file sharing by copying itself into the shared folder It renames itself to pose as one of 26 other common files along the way

13-28 Top Five Virus Families of all Time SoBig, 2004 Mass-mailing worm that arrives as an attachment Examples: Movie_0074.mpg.pif, Document003.pif Scans all.WAB,.WBX,.HTML,.EML, and.TXT files looking for addresses to which it can send itself Also attempts to download updates for itself

13-29 Top Five Virus Families of all Time Klez, 2002 A mass-mailing worm that arrives with a randomly named attachment Exploits a known vulnerability in MS Outlook to auto-execute on unpatched clients Tries to disable virus scanners and then copy itself to all local and networked drives with a random file name Deletes all files on the infected machine and any mapped network drives on the 13th of all even-numbered months

13-30 Top Five Virus Families of all Time Sasser, 2004 Exploits a Microsoft vulnerability to spread from computer to computer with no user intervention Spawns multiple threads that scan local subnets for vulnerabilities

13-31 The Cost of Viruses, Trojans, Worms Cost of the top five virus families Nearly 115 million computers in 200 countries were infected in 2004 Up to 11 million computers are believed to be permanently infected In 2004, total economic damage from virus proliferation was $166 to $202 billion Average damage per computer is between $277 and $366

13-32 Adware and Spyware Adware Software that purports to serve a useful purpose, and often does Allows advertisers to display pop-up and banner ads without the consent of the computer users Spyware Adware that uses an Internet connection in the background, without the user’s permission or knowledge Captures information about the user and sends it over the Internet

13-33 Spyware Problems Spyware can steal private information and also Add advertising links to Web pages Redirect affiliate payments Change a users home page and search settings Make a modem randomly call premium-rate phone numbers Leave security holes that let Trojans in Degrade system performance Removal programs are often not completely successful in eliminating spyware

13-34 Privacy Issues The power of information technology to store and retrieve information can have a negative effect on every individual’s right to privacy Personal information is collected with every visit to a Web site Confidential information stored by credit bureaus, credit card companies, and the government has been stolen or misused

13-35 Opt-in Versus Opt-out Opt-In You explicitly consent to allow data to be compiled about you This is the default in Europe Opt-Out Data can be compiled about you unless you specifically request it not be This is the default in the U.S.

13-36 Privacy Issues Violation of Privacy Accessing individuals’ private conversations and computer records Collecting and sharing information about individuals gained from their visits to Internet websites Computer Monitoring Always knowing where a person is Mobile and paging services are becoming more closely associated with people than with places

13-37 Privacy Issues Computer Matching Using customer information gained from many sources to market additional business services Unauthorized Access of Personal Files Collecting telephone numbers, addresses, credit card numbers, and other information to build customer profiles

13-38 Protecting Your Privacy on the Internet There are multiple ways to protect your privacy Encrypt Send newsgroup postings through anonymous r ers Ask your ISP not to sell your name and information to mailing list providers and other marketers Don’t reveal personal data and interests on online service and website user profiles

13-39 Privacy Laws Electronic Communications Privacy Act and Computer Fraud and Abuse Act Prohibit intercepting data communications messages, stealing or destroying data, or trespassing in federal-related computer systems U.S. Computer Matching and Privacy Act Regulates the matching of data held in federal agency files to verify eligibility for federal programs

13-40 Privacy Laws Other laws impacting privacy and how much a company spends on compliance Sarbanes-Oxley Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Gramm-Leach-Bliley USA Patriot Act California Security Breach Law Securities and Exchange Commission rule 17a-4

13-41 Computer Libel and Censorship The opposite side of the privacy debate… Freedom of information, speech, and press Biggest battlegrounds Bulletin boards boxes Online files of Internet and public networks Weapons used in this battle Spamming Flame mail Libel laws Censorship

13-42 Computer Libel and Censorship Spamming Indiscriminate sending of unsolicited messages to many Internet users Flaming Sending extremely critical, derogatory, and often vulgar messages or newsgroup posting to other users on the Internet or online services Especially prevalent on special-interest newsgroups

13-43 Cyberlaw Laws intended to regulate activities over the Internet or via electronic communication devices Encompasses a wide variety of legal and political issues Includes intellectual property, privacy, freedom of expression, and jurisdiction

13-44 Cyberlaw The intersection of technology and the law is controversial Some feel the Internet should not be regulated Encryption and cryptography make traditional form of regulation difficult The Internet treats censorship as damage and simply routes around it Cyberlaw only began to emerge in 1996 Debate continues regarding the applicability of legal principles derived from issues that had nothing to do with cyberspace

13-45 Other Challenges Employment IT creates new jobs and increases productivity It can also cause significant reductions in job opportunities, as well as requiring new job skills Computer Monitoring Using computers to monitor the productivity and behavior of employees as they work Criticized as unethical because it monitors individuals, not just work, and is done constantly Criticized as invasion of privacy because many employees do not know they are being monitored

13-46 Other Challenges Working Conditions IT has eliminated monotonous or obnoxious tasks However, some skilled craftsperson jobs have been replaced by jobs requiring routine, repetitive tasks or standby roles Individuality Dehumanizes and depersonalizes activities because computers eliminate human relationships Inflexible systems

13-47 Health Issues Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs) Disorders suffered by people who sit at a PC or terminal and do fast-paced repetitive keystroke jobs Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Painful, crippling ailment of the hand and wrist Typically requires surgery to cure

13-48 Ergonomics Designing healthy work environments Safe, comfortable, and pleasant for people to work in Increases employee morale and productivity Also called human factors engineering

13-49 Security Management of IT The Internet was developed for inter-operability, not impenetrability Business managers and professionals alike are responsible for the security, quality, and performance of business information systems Hardware, software, networks, and data resources must be protected by a variety of security measures

13-50 Security Management The goal of security management is the accuracy, integrity, and safety of all information system processes and resources

13-51 Internetworked Security Defenses Encryption Data is transmitted in scrambled form It is unscrambled by computer systems for authorized users only The most widely used method uses a pair of public and private keys unique to each individual

13-52 Public/Private Key Encryption

13-53 Internetworked Security Defenses Firewalls A gatekeeper system that protects a company’s intranets and other computer networks from intrusion Provides a filter and safe transfer point for access to/from the Internet and other networks Important for individuals who connect to the Internet with DSL or cable modems Can deter hacking, but cannot prevent it

13-54 Denial of Service Attacks Denial of service attacks depend on three layers of networked computer systems The victim’s website The victim’s Internet service provider Zombie or slave computers that have been commandeered by the cybercriminals

13-55 Internetworked Security Defenses Monitoring Use of content monitoring software that scans for troublesome words that might compromise corporate security Virus Defenses Centralize the updating and distribution of antivirus software Use a security suite that integrates virus protection with firewalls, Web security, and content blocking features

13-56 Other Security Measures Security Codes Multilevel password system Encrypted passwords Smart cards with microprocessors Backup Files Duplicate files of data or programs Security Monitors Monitor the use of computers and networks Protects them from unauthorized use, fraud, and destruction

13-57 Other Security Measures Biometrics Computer devices measure physical traits that make each individual unique Voice recognition, fingerprints, retina scan Computer Failure Controls Prevents computer failures or minimizes its effects Preventive maintenance Arrange backups with a disaster recovery organization

13-58 Other Security Measures In the event of a system failure, fault-tolerant systems have redundant processors, peripherals, and software that provide Fail-over capability: shifts to back up components Fail-save capability: the system continues to operate at the same level Fail-soft capability: the system continues to operate at a reduced but acceptable level

13-59 Other Security Measures A disaster recovery plan contains formalized procedures to follow in the event of a disaster Which employees will participate What their duties will be What hardware, software, and facilities will be used Priority of applications that will be processed Use of alternative facilities Offsite storage of databases

13-60 Information System Controls Methods and devices that attempt to ensure the accuracy, validity, and propriety of information system activities

13-61 Auditing IT Security IT Security Audits Performed by internal or external auditors Review and evaluation of security measures and management policies Goal is to ensure that that proper and adequate measures and policies are in place

13-62 Protecting Yourself from Cybercrime