1. Security and Ethical Challenges

2. IT Security, Ethics, and Society
IT has both beneficial and detrimental effects on society and people
Manage work activities to minimize the detrimental effects of IT
Optimize the beneficial effects

3. Business Ethics
Ethics questions that managers confront as part of their daily business decision making include:
Equity
Rights
Honesty
Exercise of corporate power
Chapter 13 Security and Ethical Challenges

4. Corporate Social Responsibility Theories
Stockholder Theory
Managers are agents of the stockholders
Their only ethical responsibility is to increase the profits of the business without violating the law or engaging in fraudulent practices
Social Contract Theory
Companies have ethical responsibilities to all members of society, who allow corporations to exist
Stakeholder Theory
Managers have an ethical responsibility to manage a firm for the benefit of all its stakeholders
Stakeholders are all individuals and groups that have a stake in, or claim on, a company

5. Computer Crime Computer crime includes
Unauthorized use, access, modification, or destruction of hardware, software, data, or network resources
The unauthorized release of information
The unauthorized copying of software
Denying an end user access to his/her own hardware, software, data, or network resources
Using or conspiring to use computer or network resources illegally to obtain information or tangible property
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6. Cybercrime Protection Measures
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7. Hacking Hacking is Electronic Breaking and Entering Cracker
The obsessive use of computers
The unauthorized access and use of networked computer systems
Electronic Breaking and Entering
Hacking into a computer system and reading files, but neither stealing nor damaging anything
Cracker
A malicious or criminal hacker who maintains knowledge of the vulnerabilities found for private advantage
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8. Common Hacking Tactics
Denial of Service
Hammering a website’s equipment with too many requests for information
Clogging the system, slowing performance, or crashing the site
Scans
Widespread probes of the Internet to determine types of computers, services, and connections
Looking for weaknesses
Sniffer
Programs that search individual packets of data as they pass through the Internet
Capturing passwords or entire contents
Spoofing
Faking an address or Web page to trick users into passing along critical information like passwords or credit card numbers
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9. Common Hacking Tactics
Trojan House
A program that, unknown to the user, contains instructions that exploit a known vulnerability in some software
Back Doors
A hidden point of entry to be used in case the original entry point is detected or blocked
Malicious Applets
Tiny Java programs that misuse your computer’s resources, modify files on the hard disk, send fake , or steal passwords
War Dialing
Programs that automatically dial thousands of telephone numbers in search of a way in through a modem connection
Logic Bombs
An instruction in a computer program that triggers a malicious act
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10. Common Hacking Tactics
Buffer Overflow
Crashing or gaining control of a computer by sending too much data to buffer memory
Password Crackers
Software that can guess passwords
Social Engineering
Gaining access to computer systems by talking unsuspecting company employees out of valuable information, such as passwords
Dumpster Diving
Sifting through a company’s garbage to find information to help break into their computers
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11. Cyber Theft Many computer crimes involve the theft of money
The majority are “inside jobs” that involve unauthorized network entry and alternation of computer databases to cover the tracks of the employees involved
Many attacks occur through the Internet
Most companies don’t reveal that they have been targets or victims of cybercrime
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12. Unauthorized Use at Work
Unauthorized use of computer systems and networks is time and resource theft
Doing private consulting
Doing personal finances
Playing video games
Unauthorized use of the Internet or company networks
Sniffers
Used to monitor network traffic or capacity
Find evidence of improper use
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13. Internet Abuses in the Workplace
General abuses
Unauthorized usage and access
Copyright infringement/plagiarism
Newsgroup postings
Transmission of confidential data
Pornography
Hacking
Non-work-related download/upload
Leisure use of the Internet
Use of external ISPs
Moonlighting
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14. A third of the software industry’s revenues are lost to piracy
Software Piracy
Software Piracy
Unauthorized copying of computer programs
Licensing
Purchasing software is really a payment for a license for fair use
Site license allows a certain number of copies
A third of the software industry’s revenues are lost to piracy
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15. Theft of Intellectual Property
Copyrighted material
Includes such things as music, videos, images, articles, books, and software
Copyright Infringement is Illegal
Peer-to-peer networking techniques have made it easy to trade pirated intellectual property
Publishers Offer Inexpensive Online Music
Illegal downloading of music and video is down and continues to drop
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16. Viruses and Worms
A virus is a program that cannot work without being inserted into another program
A worm can run unaided
These programs copy annoying or destructive routines into networked computers
Copy routines spread the virus
Commonly transmitted through
The Internet and online services
and file attachments
Disks from contaminated computers
Shareware
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17. Security Management of IT
The Internet was developed for inter-operability, not impenetrability
Business managers and professionals alike are responsible for the security, quality, and performance of business information systems
Hardware, software, networks, and data resources must be protected by a variety of security measures
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18. Security Management
The goal of security management is the accuracy, integrity, and safety of all information system processes and resources
Chapter 13 Security and Ethical Challenges

19. Internetworked Security Defenses
Encryption
Data is transmitted in scrambled form
It is unscrambled by computer systems for authorized users only
The most widely used method uses a pair of public and private keys unique to each individual
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20. Public/Private Key Encryption
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21. Internetworked Security Defenses
Firewalls
A gatekeeper system that protects a company’s intranets and other computer networks from intrusion
Provides a filter and safe transfer point for access to/from the Internet and other networks
Important for individuals who connect to the Internet with DSL or cable modems
Can deter hacking, but cannot prevent it
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22. Internet and Intranet Firewalls
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23. Denial of Service Attacks
Denial of service attacks depend on three layers of networked computer systems
The victim’s website
The victim’s Internet service provider
Zombie or slave computers that have been commandeered by the cybercriminals
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24. Defending Against Denial of Service
At Zombie Machines
Set and enforce security policies
Scan for vulnerabilities
At the ISP
Monitor and block traffic spikes
At the Victim’s Website
Create backup servers and network connections
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25. Internetworked Security Defenses
Monitoring
Use of content monitoring software that scans for troublesome words that might compromise corporate security
Virus Defenses
Centralize the updating and distribution of antivirus software
Use a security suite that integrates virus protection with firewalls, Web security, and content blocking features
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26. Other Security Measures
Security Codes
Multilevel password system
Encrypted passwords
Smart cards with microprocessors
Backup Files
Duplicate files of data or programs
Security Monitors
Monitor the use of computers and networks
Protects them from unauthorized use, fraud, and destruction
Biometrics
Computer devices measure physical traits that make each individual unique
Voice recognition, fingerprints, retina scan
Computer Failure Controls
Prevents computer failures or minimizes its effects
Preventive maintenance
Arrange backups with a disaster recovery organization
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27. Other Security Measures
In the event of a system failure, fault-tolerant systems have redundant processors, peripherals, and software that provide
Fail-over capability: shifts to back up components
Fail-save capability: the system continues to operate at the same level
Fail-soft capability: the system continues to operate at a reduced but acceptable level
A disaster recovery plan contains formalized procedures to follow in the event of a disaster
Which employees will participate
What their duties will be
What hardware, software, and facilities will be used
Priority of applications that will be processed
Use of alternative facilities
Offsite storage of databases
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28. Information System Controls
Methods and devices that attempt to ensure the accuracy, validity, and propriety of information system activities
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29. Auditing IT Security IT Security Audits
Performed by internal or external auditors
Review and evaluation of security measures and management policies
Goal is to ensure that that proper and adequate measures and policies are in place
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30. Protecting Yourself from Cybercrime
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