Establishment and Seed Production of Native Forbs Used for Restoration Jessica Wiese Montana State University Fabian Menalled, Bruce Maxwell, James Jacobs,

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Presentation transcript:

Establishment and Seed Production of Native Forbs Used for Restoration Jessica Wiese Montana State University Fabian Menalled, Bruce Maxwell, James Jacobs, Susan Winslow

Why wildflower management? High value crop with very specific management - $ per lb, depending on species Importance of ecological diversity - Seed mixes typically grasses - Open niche - Ecological services of diversity

High demand for restoration and seed production National Parks and severely disturbed sites

RestorationProduction

Factors affecting establishment Seed viability Seed germination Source of seed Weed competition Herbicide response

Objectives Compare effects of pre- and post-emergence herbicides on wildflower seedling establishment, injury, and seed production Evaluate effects of each herbicide on weed control Assess the economics of weed management

Components greenhouse post pre field

Wildflower species: 5 wildflower species: Dalea candida Gaillardia aristata Phacelia hastata Penstemon eriantherus Ratibida columnifera White prairieclover Blanketflower Silverleaf phacelia Fuzzytongue penstemon Prairie Coneflower

Greenhouse herbicide screening Identify pre- and post-emergent herbicides that do not cause seedling damage

Pre-emergence screening 5 soil applied pre-emergent herbicide Dacthal WP (DCPA), Spartan (sulfentrazone), Aatrex (atrazine), Surflan (oryzalin), Treflan, (trifluralin) Randomized split-plot with four replications Living seedlings per row, leaves formed per seedling, height, dry weight

Pre emergence results P <0.0001

Post-emergence screening 7 products Lorox (linuron), Permit (halosulfuron), Prowl (pendimethalin), Plateau (imazapic), Fusilade (fluazifop P-butyl), Envoy (clethodim), Stinger (clopyralid)

Post-emergence screening Four rates: 0, 1/3, 2/3, full Completely randomized design 2 soil types Wildflower injury, density, wet and dry weights

Ratibida columnifera Control Stinger

Penstemon erianthus

Dalea candida ControlStinger

Gaillardia aristata Permit Control

Phacelia hastata Control Plateau

Conclusions - greenhouse PRE Treflan and Dacthal least injurious to most species POST No herbicides show significant change for density or biomass - penstemon, plateau - density, rate PRE and POST Wildflower species showed varied tolerance to herbicides Preliminary study Not labeled

Field Study Huge climatic variation How can we manage weed competition?

Study Sites BozemanBridger

Site Properties Bridger Bozeman silt loamy - loess Temp: 38 ° F Precip 15.2” Frost Free 110 days Elevation ~5,000 sandstone, and shale; and alluvium Temp: 44.6° F Precip 11” Frost Free days Elevation~3,700 Fallowed in 2006

Experimental design Wildflower species – 5 Herbicide trts – 12 Hand weeding - 2 Split-split-plot seeded in October 2006

Rep 1Rep 2Rep 3 8 rows planted per species 12 treatments random within each species Weeded, unweeded

Is herbicide enough? Economic threshold Timing of herbicide application Gaillardia BozemanGaillardia Bridger

Weed Management Economically evaluate hand weeding Determine which is most effective -Integrated weed management -Combined management for highest yield?

Herbicide Treatments (12) Treflan + Prowl Prowl Treflan + Permit Permit Treflan + Plateau PlateauLorox Treflan + Lorox No herb, weeding No herb, no weeding

Data gathering: Herbicide injury evaluated at time of spraying, 3 weeks, and 2 months later Crop and weed: density and cover Seed production and viability Timed hand weeding ANOVA

Blanketflower-plateauBlanketflower-control

Coneflower-controlConeflower-plateau

Treflan effects

Preliminary results, Bridger P<0.0001

Preliminary results, Bridger P<0.0001

Preliminary conclusions Treflan and Plateau effects are different from greenhouse to field Growth rates of wildflower species makes it difficult to spray at same time Weeds establish prior to wildflower emergence making proper timing a challenge

RestorationProduction

Acknowledgements Montana State University MT Seed Stock Foundation USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service

Questions?