Energy and mementum conservation in nuclear and particle physics Gil Refael.

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

Advertisements

Radioactive Decay. - Alpha Decay The emission of an particle from the nucleus of an atom is called alpha decay An alpha particle is just a helium nucleus.

Radioactivity Chapter 6.1. Radioactivity Comes from an unstable nucleus Can be either… Particles or Energy (as electromagnetic radiation) or Both.

Nuclear Reactions. Natural Transmutation 1 term on reactant side Original isotope 2 terms on product side Emitted Particle New Isotope Happens all by.

What is the smallest thing in the world? Chris Bellamy and Max Howells.

Lecture 14 Fission and Fusion. Elementary Particles. Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion Fundamental Interaction (Forces) Elementary Particles.

Unstable Nuclei and Radioactive Decay Objectives: 9.0 Distinguish between chemical and nuclear reactions. 9.3 Identifying types of radiation and their.

Nuclear Chemistry Unstable Nuclei and Radioactive Decay.

Half Lifes. Atoms Proton Electron Cloud Neutron Atomic Number Number of protons – change this → change the element Hydrogen has one proton and one electron.

Center of Mass. Motion of the Center of Mass The center of mass of a system moves as if all of the mass of the system were concentrated at that point.

Momentum For N particles: Why bother introducing one more definition? Most general form of the Newton’s law: Valid when mass is changing Valid in relativistic.

Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay

1 Atomic Physics. 2 In 1896 Henri Becquerel discovered that certain uranium compounds would fog photographic plates as if exposed to light. He discovered.

Nuclear Physics E = mc 2. Outline Theory of Special Relativity Postulates E = mc 2 The Atom What makes up the atom? What holds the atom together? Quantum.

Half Lifes. Atoms Proton Electron Cloud Neutron Atomic Number Number of protons – change this → change the element Hydrogen has one proton and one electron.

Nuclear Chemistry By Robert Jakubek and Michael Maki.

AM 1 and AM 2 Review.

The Particle Zoo. Too Many Particles Far from just finding Protons Neutrons Electrons Neutrinos and their antiparticles, during the 20 th century many.

Nuclear Chemistry Chemistry Ms.Piela.

Alpha Decay. Radioactive Decay Alpha Decay Radioactive Decay Alpha Decay Beta Decay.

Nuclear Chemistry. Radioactive Decay Spontaneous breakdown of an atom’s nucleus Breakdown results in a lighter nucleus Emits electromagnetic radiation.

TED Ed – 4 min U → Th He + ɣ Write a nuclear reaction for… Uranium-238 decays into Thorium-234: 92 = (conservation of atomic.

Subatomic Physics Chapter Properties of the Nucleus The nucleus is the small, dense core of an atom. Atoms that have the same atomic number but.

Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6e Chapter 46 - Particle Physics and Cosmology.

Group 2.  Students in grade 12 or 1 st year university (depends on the country and the program)  Prerequisite knowledge:  Electric and magnetic fields.

Radioactivity Poster. Radioactivity The emission of high energy particles or waves from unstable atoms The emissions occurs when the nucleus falls apart.

Chapter 3 Atomic Structure. The Structure Of the Atom Particle masschargelocation Proton1 AMU +1in nucleus Neutron 1 AMU 0in nucleus Electron 0 AMU -1.

Plan for Today (AP Physics 2) Notes on Alpha, Beta, and Gamma DecayNotes on Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay HW: Finish half-life lab for MondayHW: Finish.

Nuclear Reactions E = mc2

The nucleus consists of protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons. The number of protons is the atomic number. Protons plus neutrons is the atomic.

NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY Chapter 28. I. Introduction A. Nucleons 1. Neutrons and protons B. Nuclides 1. Atoms identified by the number of protons and neutrons.

Nuclear Chemistry The Atom The atom consists of two parts: 1. The nucleus which contains: 2. Orbiting electrons. protons neutrons Multiple nuclei is.

Aim: How can we explain the four fundamental forces and the standard model? Do Now: List all the subatomic particles that you can think of.

3-4 Changes in the Nucleus

Topic 7.2 The ABC’s of Radioactivity

Radioactive Decay The nuclei of some chemical elements are unstable against the strong nuclear force holding them together, resulting in a spontaneous.

Nuclear Chemistry. The Atom The atom consists of two parts: 1. The nucleus which contains: 2. Orbiting electrons. protons neutrons.

Introduction to CERN Activities

IB Assessment Statements Topic 13.2, Nuclear Physics Explain how the radii of nuclei may be estimated from charged particle scattering experiments.

Radioactive Material Review. What determines the atoms identity?

HomeworkHomework Read section 4.4 Answer questions 26 & 27 on page 107.

P2 7.1 Nuclear reactions Some atoms have an unstable nucleus and need to get to a lower energy state. It can become stable by emitting Alpha, Beta or.

Nuclear Chemistry. The Atom The atom consists of two parts: 1. The nucleus which contains: 2. Orbiting electrons. protons neutrons.

Nuclear Chemistry. Radioactivity The process by which materials give off such rays radioactivity; the rays and particles emitted by a radioactive source.

NUCLEAR CHANGES What is Radioactivity?. What happens when an element undergoes radioactive decay? During radioactive decay an unstable nuclei of an isotope.

Radioactivity and Nuclear Decay Test on Friday March 1.

Isotopes & Radioactivity Slide Show #2. What are isotopes? Atoms that differ in the number of neutrons. All of these isotopes have the same number of.

Radioactivity Elements that emit particles and energy from their nucleus are radioactive. Some large atoms are unstable and cannot keep their nucleus together.

Nuclear Stability and Decay 1500 different nuclei are known. Only 264 are stable and do not decay. The stability of a nucleus depends on its neutron-to-

By the end of this presentation, you should be able to: Select and use Coulomb’s law to determine the force of repulsion, and Newton’s law of gravitation.

Unstable Nuclei and Radioactive Decay. Radioactivity (Radioactive decay) The process by which some substances spontaneously emit radiation. Radioactive.

Nuclear Physics An Introduction. What does it mean when something is “Radioactive”? Atomic nuclei that emit particles and energy are said to be radioactive.

Alpha, Beta, Gamma Radiation

High Energy Particle Physics

Atomic Structure Know the three types of ionising radiation

Alaska. Alaska What courses these beautiful Northern Lights, dancing displays of nightlights, is a level of interaction of sorts between the sun and.

The Standard Model of the Atom

Unstable Nuclei and Radioactive Decay

The Atom The atom consists of two parts:

Nuclear Chemistry 2 major topics: Radioactive decay Fission and Fusion.

Ch. 25 Discovery of Electron/Nucleus and Radiation

RADIOACTIVITY B.Sc. 5th sem.

Radioactivity If a nucleus is radioactive it is unstable and will decay (breakdown), which causes the nucleus to change and release energy as radiation.

11/3 - 8th Grade Agenda Learning Objective: Learn about Half Life

Fusion vs Fission.

Nuclear Chemistry and Radioactivity

Three kinds of particle emission

Presentation transcript:

Energy and mementum conservation in nuclear and particle physics Gil Refael

Conservation laws: 12 Momentum conservation: Energy conservation: (Elastic collision)

Conservation laws: 1 2 Momentum conservation: Energy conservation: (Elastic collision)

Conservation laws: 1 2 Momentum conservation: Energy conservation: (inelastic collision) 2 1

‘Explosion type’ collision 1 2 Momentum conservation: Energy conservation:

Radioactivity

Radioactivity and Elementary particles Uranium (238): Very crowded! 92 protons neutrons Radioactive “alpha” decay Thorium Alpha particle =Helium nuclei

Uranium Decay Momentum conservation:Energy conservation: What is ? Clue:Some mass disappears in the transition! 8 electron masses missing! + + c=speed of light=300,000,000 m/s Uranium (238) Alpha (4) Thorium (234) (half time: 4.46 billion years)

Another example: Plutonium What is ? + + c=speed of light=300,000,000 m/s Plutonium (239) Alpha (4) Uranium (235) (half time: 24,100 years) What is the recoil speed?

Uses of Uranium and Plutonium Uranium (235): Fuel for nuclear reactors. Uranium (238): Fuel for nuclear reactors. Plutonium (239) production. Plutonium (239): Fuel for nuclear reactors. Nuclear weapons…

Elementary particles: Neutron decay Just like Uranium, the neutron itself (outside a nucleaus) is also unstable: N+ Expect: electrons have the same energy in the end of the process. But: Every experiment gave a different result!

Neutron decay Just like Uranium, the neutron itself (outside a nucleaus) is also unstable: N+ What about momentum and energy conservation ?!? Answer: There must be another particle! Neutrino Very light particle, that can go unscattered Through the entire galaxy!

How was this measured? Bubble chambers X Magnetic Field X X Liquid Hydrogen on the verge of becoming gas. Particles leave trail of bubbles!

How was this measured? Bubble chambers + X Magnetic Field X X X X X Radius proportional to momentum Proton (+1) Neutron (0)

Aurora Borealis – aka, Northern Lights © Jack Finch—Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fairbanks, Alaska:

Aurora Borealis – aka, Northern Lights Kangerlussuaq, Greenland’s west coast: (

Aurora Borealis – aka, Northern Lights + Proton (+1) Fast particles from the sun:

The particle hunters How to produce new particles like the neutrino? Make very energetic collisions between them! This happen in particle accelerators: Electrons are accelerated up to near the speed of light!

Monster accelerators Fermilab in Chicago:

Monster accelerators Cern in Geneva:

Elementary particles – Quarks and Leptons So far: Protons (+1) Neutrons (0) Electrons (-1) But also: Neutrinos. + N Proton itself consists of quarks: + up d d - “up” quark (charge: +2/3) - “down” quark (charge: -1/3) Neutron: N up d d More quarks: (!)

To discover new quarks and other elementary particles: Need energy of: !!! Right now searching for: The Higgs “The particle that gives all particles their masses…”