2. Alaska

3. What courses these beautiful Northern Lights, dancing displays of
nightlights, is a level of interaction of sorts between the sun and
the earth.
The sun gives off high-energy charged particles that travel into
space at very high speeds of 320 to 650 kilometres per second.
A cloud of these particles is called plasma.
The stream of plasma coming from the sun is known as
solar storms and as the solar wind interacts with the edge of the
earth's magnetic field, some of the particles begin flowing around
the earth and become trapped in by the earths magnetic field.
Eventually the particles collide with the gases in the ionosphere,
which causes them to glow.

5. Aurora Australis
Aurora Australis

9. Victor Hess, after his 1912 balloon flight.
In the balloon at an altitude
of 5,000 meters,Victor Hess,
the father of cosmic ray
research, discovered
"penetrating radiation"
coming from space.
His was the first of many
adventurous journeys made
by physisists to study
cosmic rays
Victor Hess, after his
1912 balloon flight. 

10. 1927
Tracks of cosmic
ray particles in
a Wilson chamber. 

11. Elementary particles have been
tracked coming in from outer space
as cosmic rays.

12. There cannot just be p, n and e
Yukawa had predicted the existence of the neutrino
Scientists began to probe hadrons (p and n)
High energy electrons were fired at stationary
protons (rather like Rutherford had done with alpha particles to discover the nucleus)

13. Deep inelastic scattering is the name given to a process used to probe the insides of hadrons .
It provided the first convincing evidence of the reality of quarks, which up until that point had been considered by many to be a purely mathematical phenomenon.
It is a relatively new process, first attempted in the 1960s and 1970s. It is conceptually similar to Rutherford Scattering, but with important differences.

14. Deep inelastic scattering may be viewed in two ways:
as inelastic scattering off a proton because it has constituents inside
or as elastic scattering from one of the constituents (quarks) inside
We are able to say that the quarks appear to be point-like and so can be considered to be fundamental particles. 
the scattering is INELASTIC because the target has been changed in the process.  

15. The structure of protons and neutrons
Both particles contain 3 quarks
Two quarks were identified and called
up and down (u and d)
u has a charge of +2/3
d has a charge of -1/3

16. Quarks are now considered to be fundamental particles

17. Write down the quark structure for a proton and a neutron
Answer P=uud N=udd
Write the quark structure for an
anti-proton and an anti-neutron
Answer P= u u d N= u d d

19. energy
charge
spin
name
Review
of fundamental
particles