Levels of Ecological Organization in Freshwater Systems Population Community Ecosystem.

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Presentation transcript:

Levels of Ecological Organization in Freshwater Systems Population Community Ecosystem

Community Ecology in Freshwater Systems What controls species composition (aka, diversity)? What causes species composition to change over space and time? What are the consequences of variation in species composition? Why does “biodiversity” matter in freshwater systems?

What is a community? A group of interacting species occurring in a particular place, at a particular time.

How do we describe freshwater communities? Species richness Relative abundance Diversity indices (e.g., Shannon, Simpson’s)

How do you describe a community? Species richness: 4

How do you describe a community? Diversity indices: richness weighted by relative abundance >

Food Webs, Functional Groups, and Trophic Levels Sp. 1Sp. 2Sp. 3Sp. 4 Sp. 5 Sp. 6 Sp. 7 Sp. 8 Sp. 9 Sp. 10 Levels ~ Diversity

Assumptions: Individual species occupy one level Sp. 1Sp. 2Sp. 3Sp. 4 Sp. 5 Sp. 6 Sp. 7

Assumptions: Individual species occupy one level These systems are rare: Sp. 1 Sp. 2 Sp. 3 Sp. 1 Sp. 2 Sp. 4 Sp. 3 Sp. 5

Variation in community composition over space

SpringFall Variation in community composition over time

What controls community composition (i.e., species diversity)? Interactions with the abiotic environment > Limiting resources > Limiting conditions

Limiting Resources: Some thing a species or group of species uses to survive.

Limiting Condition: Some attribute of the environment that a species or group of species must tolerate to survive in a particular place.

What controls community composition (i.e., species diversity)? Interactions with the abiotic environment Interactions among species > Predation (+ / -) > Competition (- / -) > Mutualism (+ / +)

Predation and Community Composition Trophic cascades (Flecker and Townsend 1994) …and galaxiid hell.

Predation and Community Composition Trophic cascades No Fish (Flecker and Townsend 1994)

Predation and Community Composition Trophic cascades Significant effect of “fish species” on total invertebrate density. Significant negative effect of “fish” on species richness, no effect of “fish species”.

What isn’t insect richness telling us about the effect of trout on community composition? (Flecker and Townsend 1994)

Predation and Community Composition Super predators!! No Fish Fish

Competition and Community Composition The ghost of competition past Diet breadth Disruptive selection Proportion of Population

Competition and Community Composition The ghost of competition past

Competition and Community Composition The ghost of competition past

What controls community composition (i.e., species diversity)? Interactions with the abiotic environment AND Interactions among species

Abiotic  Biotic effects on community composition Dicosmoecus (Wootton et al. 1996) “Resistant Grazer”

Abiotic  Biotic effects (Wootton et al. 1996)

Unregulated Regulated =

Abiotic  Biotic effects (Wootton et al. 1996)

What controls community composition (i.e., species diversity)? Interactions with the abiotic environment Interactions among species Ecosystem age

What controls community composition (i.e., species diversity)? Interactions with the abiotic environment Interactions among species Ecosystem age - Successional ponds - Ephemeral streams and ponds

What controls community composition (i.e., species diversity)? Interactions with the abiotic environment Interactions among species Ecosystem age Disturbance

Disturbance and community composition (Connell 1978) Good Competitors Good Colonizers Good Colonizers + Good Competitors Minimally Disturbed Extensively Disturbed

Disturbance and community composition

(Pollock et al. 1998) Kadashan River Basin, SE Alaska Response of riparian plant communities to flood frequency. Frequency = number of times per year that the mean elevation of a site was inundated.

Disturbance and community composition (Pollock et al. 1998)

What controls community composition (i.e., species diversity)? Interactions with the abiotic environment Interactions among species Ecosystem age Disturbance Productivity

Productivity and community composition VS.

Productivity and community composition

The paradox of enrichment (Rosenzweig 1971) Time Population Size

The paradox of enrichment (Rosenzweig 1971) Time Population Size Low and Moderate Productivity Time Population Size High Productivity

What controls community composition (i.e., species diversity)? Interactions with the abiotic environment Interactions among species Age Disturbance Productivity Size and Complexity

Size and community composition Hypothesis: As size increases, so does habitat heterogeneity, resulting in more “niches” that can be filled by more species.

Size and community composition

What controls community composition (i.e., species diversity)? Interactions with the abiotic environment Interactions among species Age Disturbance Productivity Size and Complexity ?

Size versus Productivity (Post et al. 2000) Sampled 25 lakes in North America that varied in size AND productivity. Used N isotopes in top-predators fish to determine food-chain length leading to that predator.  15 N <  15 N Maximum Trophic Position <

(Post et al. 2000) Size versus Productivity

(Post et al. 2000) Size versus Productivity

What controls community composition (i.e., species diversity)? Interactions with the abiotic environment Interactions among species Age Disturbance Productivity Size and Complexity ?

What controls community composition (i.e., species diversity)? Interactions with the abiotic environment Interactions among species Age Disturbance Productivity Size and Complexity Colonization and Extinction

Colonization, extinction, and community composition Island Biogeography Theory (MacArthur and Wilson 1987)

Colonization, extinction, and community composition Island Biogeography Theory Effect of increased isolation

Colonization, extinction, and community composition Electric Fishes (Fernandes et al. 2004)

Colonization, extinction, and community composition (Fernandes et al. 2004) “Isolated” “Connected” Amazon Mainstem Tributary

Colonization, extinction, and community composition (Fernandes et al. 2004)

What controls community composition (i.e., species diversity)? Interactions with the abiotic environment Interactions among species Age Disturbance Productivity Size and Complexity Colonization and Extinction