Global Navigation Satellite Systems Research efforts in Luleå Staffan Backén, LTU Dr. Dennis M. Akos, LTU
Presentation Outline Crash Course in GNSS (GPS, Galileo) Constellation Signal Structure Signal Processing Positioning – Accuracy - Augmentations GNSS in Space Research efforts in Luleå Thesis - Phased Array Antenna How? Why 1 & 2 & example Hardware Design – Dataset Recording Research Status Questions?
GNSS CC - GPS Constellation Minimum 24 satellites Period of 11 hours 58 minutes Six circular orbits, 20200km above the earth - MEO Inclination angle of 55° relative to the equator Passive system Virtual stars
GNSS CC – Signal Structure CDMA – All three systems (Glonass with a twist) Modulation GPS BPSK (QPSK) Glonass BPSK Galileo Boc(1,1), Boc(10,5), AltBoc(15,10) – not finalized GPS transmitted and received power at L1: Satellite antenna input ≈ 27W Received power ≈ 5× W/m 2 → Received signal below thermal noise floor
GNSS CC - Signal Processing Acquisition Find a specific satellite signal buried in noise Code tracking Decode time stamp Carrier tracking Decode data bits
Positioning Four satellites required for 3D position + time Accuracy ≈ 7m RMS Error sources Multipath Ionospheric, tropospheric delay Ephemeris inaccuracies Augmentation systems SBAS WAAS (America) EGNOS (Europe) MSAS (Asia) DGPS, AGPS etc
GNSS in Space - Considerations Software altitude/speed limit – commercial low cost receiver To counteract missile development … m, 515 m/s Roll issue Antenna direction not fixed relative to the earth Higher doppler More extensive acquisition when traveling very fast GNSS satellite antenna pattern Directed towards earth Predictable motion Kalman filter
GNSS Research Efforts in Luleå Dr. Dennis M. Akos Software Receivers Bi-static Radar GNSS course Student Projects Ex: GPS/INS Rapid Acq. Staffan Backén Ph.D. student Antenna Arrays Quantization Tore Lindgren Research Engineer VRS Algorithms
Antenna Array Principle – Nulling Example
GNSS Antenna Arrays – why #1?
GNSS Antenna Arrays – why #2?
Example of Beam Forming
IF Data Recording Setup Front end 1 Front end 8 USB2 board MHz Rubidium oscillator 8 2 bits MHz 33MB/s
Antenna Array Layout Groundplane Aluminum 1m diameter Antenna elements Commercial GPS patch antennas Spacing λ/2 ( ≈ 9,5 cm)
Typical Front End Design
Research Status Completed Hardware design and implementation Antenna array USB2 transfer – hardware, firmware and host program Dataset recording Several dataset during a day In progress Verifying dataset Antenna phase center determination Coming up Algorithm development Adaptive algorithms, pre and/or post correlation beam forming Future work Interference mitigation New hardware platform required …