 Definition of Immunization  Immunization Schedule  Success of Immunization Assessment of Success Factors Influencing Success  The Cold Chain

Non specific specific skin mucous membranes reflexes genetic sp. variation race anomalies acquired natural passive ( transplacental ) active ( disease ) artificial active toxoid live vacc killed vacc passive homologous Abs heterologous Abs Resistance Artificially acquired specific resistance

 Vaccine:  A suspension of attenuated live or killed microorganisms or antigenic portion of these agent presented to a potential host to induce immunity and prevent disease

 Toxoid:  A modified bacterial toxin that has been made nontoxic but remains the capacity to stimulate the formation of antitoxin

 Antitoxin :  An antibody derived from the serum of animals from stimulation with specific antigen used to provide passive immunity

Definitions Immunoglobulin: An antibody-containing solution derived from large pools of human plasma and used for passive immunization.

Attenuated strain of M.bovis.  Safe in immunocompetent patient.  50 – 80% Protection against disseminated tuberculosis and tuberculus meningitis  50% protection against pulmonary tuberculosis in children and adults Route: intradermal.

 IPV: Inactivated poliovirus, trivalent: type 1,2 & 3  OPV : live attenuated poliovirus trivalent: type 1,2 & 3  Vaccine administration: IPV = IM OPV = PO

 Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids combined to a whole-cell pertussis (DPT)  DTaP = diphtheria and tetanus toxoids combined to a cellular pertussis vaccine (less systemic and local side effects than DPT for children <7yrs)  DT = for children <7yrs with contraindication to pertussis  Td = tetanus toxoid with1/3 -1/6 the dose of diphtheria toxoid for individuals >7yrs Three doses in the first year, interval 2mo.

Consist of acapsular polysaccharide antigen conjugated to a carrier (doesn’t protect against the disease) Routine use of these vaccine has lead to a 95% decline in invasive Hib disease in infancy and young children. Vaccine administration :IM Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) vaccine

Indications: Routine All infant of HBsAg positive mother All children and adolescents not immunized High risk group: o Health workers. o Haemodialysis, bleeding disorders. o Travellers to endemic areas.

Introduction of pentavalent vaccine DTaP Hepatitis B Hib Route = IM

Live attenuated viruses.. Monovalent measles vaccine, rubella vaccine and measles/rubella MR formulations are available. Vaccine administration: SC MMR

 The varicella vaccine is a live (attenuated) virus.live (attenuated) virus  Vaccine administration : SC  Two doses are always recommended.

 Conjugate vaccine.  Quadrivalent (Serogroups A, C, W-135 and Y)  MCV4 is administered (IM). PCV  Conjugate vaccine.  Administered (IM). MCV4

Rota V V  Live attenuated  Given orally in 2 doses

Birth 2 mo 4 mo 6 mo 9 mo 12 mo 18 mo 24 mo School entry BCG DTaP 1 DTaP 2 DTaP 3 Measles 1 (mono) M 2 MR 1 DTaP B1 HepAV 2 DTaP B2 HepBV 1 HibV 1 HibV 2 HibV 3 OPV 4 HibV B OPV B2 IPV 1 IPV 2 IPV/OPV 3 OPV B1 M 4 MR 3 Varicella 2 HepBV 2 HepBV 3 HepBV 4 HepAV 1 PCV 1 PCV 2 PCV 3 PCV B /Td Rota MCV4 Varicella 1 M 3 MR 2 vaccineinformation.org

- Coverage - Seroconversion

- Parents - Staff - Vaccine KAP Proximity Commitment Skill Efficacy Stability ( H.E. ) ( √ ) ( Selection ) ( Training ) ( Choice ) ( Cold Chain )

It is a temperature-controlled supply chain. It is a system of storage, transport and distribution of vaccines at a low temperature from manufacturer to the actual vaccination site. Cold chain

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