Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–2 Figure 14.2 (Zumdahl) An acid-base (proton-transfer) reaction of an Acid HA with Water Which two pairs of species are conjugates? In each pair, which one is the acid? The base? (How do you know?)

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–3 Figure 14.3 (Zumdahl) The reaction of NH 3 with HCl to form NH 4 + and Cl -. Which two pairs of species are conjugates? In each pair, which one is the acid? The base? (How do you know?)

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–4 Figure 14.7 (Zumdahl) Two Water Molecules React to Form H 3 O + and OH -

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–5 Behavior of Acids of Different Strengths in Aqueous Solution (a) A Strong Acid (b) A Weak Acid H 3 O + A -

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–6 Table 14.1 (Zumdahl) Various Ways to Describe Acid Strength (i.e., a “negligible” base)(i.e., a [“non- negligible”] base)

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–7 Table 14.2 Values of K a for Some Common Monoprotic Acids

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–9 Figure 14.5 The Relationship of Acid Strength and Conjugate Base Strength

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–10 Acetic Acid

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–11 Benzoic Acid

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–12 Figure 14.7 Two Water Molecules React to Form H 3 O + and OH -

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–13 A quick quiz on some acid-base related topics A neutral solution is one in which ___________ The pH scale goes from ____ to ____ pH + pOH = ____ K w equals __________ Depends on T! [H 3 O + ] = [OH - ] < 0>14 pKw (“14” only at T = 25  C) T (  C) KwKw x x x x x x M HCl (pH~ -0.8) 6 M NaOH (pH~ 14.8)

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–14 Figure 14.8 (Zumdahl) [Compare to Figure 15.7 in Tro] The pH Scale and pH Values of Some Common Substances Technically, only at 25  C!

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–15 Figure The Effect of Dilution on the Percent Dissociation and [H + ] of a Weak Acid Solution

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–16 Cl-, Al(H 2 O) and H 2 O

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–17 Figure Reaction of BF 3 with NH 3

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–18 Figure The Al(H 2 O) ion

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–19 Common Household Substances that Contain Acids and Bases

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–20 An Acetic Acid Solution Does Not Conduct as much Current as a Strong Electrolyte

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–21 The Label on a Bleach Bottle Warns of the Hazards of Mixing Cleaning Solutions

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–22 An Antacid Containing Aluminum and Magnesium Hydroxides

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–23 Table 14.3 Values of K b for Some Common Weak Bases

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–24

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–25 Table 14.4 Stepwise dissociation Constants for Several Common Polyprotic Acids

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–26 Table 14.5 Qualitative Prediction of pH for Solutions of Salts for Which both Cation and Anion Have Acidic or Basic Properties

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–27 Table 14.6 Acid-Base Properties of Various Types of Salts

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–28 Table 14.7 Bond Strengths and Acid Strengths for Hydrogen Halides

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–29 Table 14.9 Comparison of Electronegativity of X and Ka Value for a Series of Oxyacids

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–30 Figure The Effect of the Number of Attached Oxygens on the O-H Bond in a Series of Chlorine Oxyacids

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–31 Table 14.8 Several Series of Oxyacids and Their Ka Values

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14–32 Table Three Models for Acids and Bases