FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING RESEARCH Sixth Edition CHAPTER Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy An Overview of Qualitative Research 4

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objectives 1.Differentiate Between Qualitative And Quantitative Research 2.Recall The Types Of Qualitative Research 3.List The Overall Steps In Qualitative Research 4.Discuss Each Step In Qualitative Research

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objectives 5.Identify Two Of The Most Common Data Collection Methods Used In Qualitative Research 6.Recognize Reliability And Validity Issues In Qualitative Research 7.Discuss The Complexity Of Analyzing Qualitative Data

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objectives 8.Identify Sources For The Presentation Of Qualitative Research Studies 9.Determine The Benefits Of Combining Quantitative And Qualitative Research Methods 10.Recognize The Issues That May Arise When Combining Quantitative And Qualitative Research Methods

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective One Learning Objective One Differentiate Between Qualitative And Quantitative Research

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Quantitative Research Control Manipulation Empirical data Deductive Test hypotheses Generalization Populations No control

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Qualitative Research No manipulation In-depth descriptions –Unstructured interviews –Participant observation Inductive Patterns or themes Not able to generalize Individual

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Two Learning Objective Two Recall The Types Of Qualitative Research

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Streubert and Carpenter (2002) Qualitative Approaches Phenomenology Grounded theory Ethnography Historical Action research

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Burns and Grove (2009) Qualitative Approaches Phenomenology Grounded theory Ethnography Historical Philosophical inquiry Critical social theory

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Polit and Beck (2008) Qualitative Approaches Phenomenology Grounded theory Ethnography Historical analysis Ethnoscience Hermeneutics Ethology

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Polit and Beck (2008) Qualitative Approaches (cont’d) Ecological psychology Ethnomethodology Semiotics Discourse analysis

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Qualitative Approaches Used by All Phenomenology Grounded theory Ethnography Historical

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Three Learning Objective Three List The Overall Steps In Qualitative Research

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Overall Steps in the Qualitative Process Identify the problem to study State the purpose Select the research design Review the literature Select the sample Gain entry to the research site Protect the rights of participants

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Overall Steps in the Qualitative Process Collect the data Analyze the data Interpret the data Utilize the study results

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Four Learning Objective Four Discuss Each Step In Qualitative Research

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Identify the Problem of the Study General to more focused Nature of the phenomenon Group that will be studied

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy State the Purpose One-sentence statement

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Select the Research Design Depends on phenomenon that will be studied –Phenomenological approach –Grounded theory –Action research –...

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Review the Literature Debate on when to do May bias the study results Preferred at the end of the study Tells how results fit with the body of knowledge

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Select the Sample Smaller in size No set rules Quality over quantity Saturation: date becoming redundant

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Gain Entry to Research Site Research in field IRB approval –Before approaching potential participants –To receive funding Key informants

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Protect the Rights of Participants Close relationship between researcher and participants Anonymity versus confidentiality Demographic information Ethical considerations

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Collect the Data Variety of methods Time frame not specified Focus groups Generally not replicated

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Analyze the Data Difference between quantitative and qualitative Begins once data collection starts Not a distinct step No set rules Can take a long time Content analysis Manually or through computer programs

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Interpret the Data Not as clear-cut as quantitative Occurs simultaneously with data collection Constant search for patterns and themes How results can be applied

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Communicate the Study Results Variety of mediums –Research journals –Clinical journals –Professional gatherings –Posters

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Utilize the Study Results Implications for nursing practice More difficult than with quantitative data

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Five Learning Objective Five Identify Two Of The Most Common Data Collection Methods Used In Qualitative Research

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy The Interview Process used most Semistructured in nature “A shared journey”

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Participant Observation Direct observation and recording of data Research directly involved with participants

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Other Data-Collection Methods Open-ended questionnaires Life histories Diaries Letters Photographs Official documents

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Six Learning Objective Six Recognize Reliability And Validity Issues In Qualitative Research

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Reliability and Validity Reliability: repeatability of scientific observations Validity: findings reflect reality Important for credibility of results

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Generalizability and Replication Replication could bias results. Each situation unique

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Relevance and Validation Large amount of data Long period collecting data Multiple data sources Saturation

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Seven Learning Objective Seven Discuss The Complexity Of Analyzing Qualitative Data

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Analyzing Qualitative Data More complex –Words, not numbers Not a distinct but a continual process –Begins with data collection –May take months –Massive amount of data No universal rules

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Content Analysis Procedures Categories of data Variations based on research design Coding—the basic analysis tool Themes developed from coded data Manually or on computer

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Software Programs QDAS: qualitative data analysis software Many now available Changing “look and feel” of research Help or hindrance?

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Eight Learning Objective Eight Identify Sources For The Presentation Of Qualitative Research Studies

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Communication of the Results All research needs to be reported. Massive amount of data does present problems. The title tells the story.

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Formats for Communication Similar to quantitative reporting –Journals –Conferences –Posters

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Nine Learning Objective Nine Determine The Benefits Of Combining Quantitative And Qualitative Research Methods

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Methods Strengthens studies Rules out rival explanations Value both methods

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Combining Research Methods Sequential or simultaneous Mixed-method research Triangulation

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Ten Learning Objective Ten Recognize The Issues That May Arise When Combining Quantitative And Qualitative Research Methods

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Value Both Approaches Not true combination unless both methods valued

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Issues in Mixed-Method Studies Sampling Data collection Data analysis