Cell Growth and Reproduction

Critical Thinking Challenge Predict how you grow from a Toddler Predict how your skin recover from a cut or sore Predict how your fractured bones repair themselves Predict what happens to cells when they grow too large Answer to all challenge questions: Cell Division

Cell Division Cell Division 1__________________ is the process of cell growth and reproduction to maintain normal function. 2)_________________ is the regular pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division Why do Cell Divide? 1 2) 3) The Cell Cycle Cells must stay small Repair Reproduction

Which can more efficiently supply nutrients and expel waste products? Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 Formative Questions Which can more efficiently supply nutrients and expel waste products? larger cells smaller cells cells with lower surface area to volume ratio cells shaped like a cube

CELL DIVISION in PROKARYOTES Bacteria reproduce using __________________________________ BINARY FISSION http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/mitosis/fission.jpg

Mitosis produces Diploid Cells Somatic Cells In _________________and single cell organisms Somatic Cells= Body Cells Example: ______________, red blood cells, white blood cells, nerves, stomach, brain cells, etc. Daughter Cells chromosome number is ______ to the parent cell chromosomes #. Parent and daughter cells are ________________ Mitosis produces ______ new _________ daughter cells equal Skin Cells identical 2 diploid Telophase Metaphase Anaphase Prophase

Cell Division occurs in ___ Main Stages 5 Interphase Stage 1-_________________- The longest phase. Cell growth and DNA replicate (copies) G1-Growth- Longest S-DNA replicated G2-Mitosis Preparation Stage 2-5___________-triggered when cell has grown too large and is the division of the cell’s nucleus There are 4 phases within Mitosis Has 4 phases. _____________, ___________, ____________, __________ __________ division of the cytoplasm Mitosis prophase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesis

In what stage of the cell cycle does the Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.2 Formative Questions In what stage of the cell cycle does the cell’s replicated genetic material separate? cytokinesis interphase mitosis prophase

At what stage does a cell spend most of its life? Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 Formative Questions At what stage does a cell spend most of its life? cytokinesis interphase mitosis synthesis

Mnemonic Device for Cell Cycle Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis

Interphase (G1 - S - G2) growing Cell is ___________ DNA is copied In between divisions Cells are in this phase most of the time DNA spread out as chromatin Cell gets ready to divide

Which is not a phase of the cell cycle? Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which is not a phase of the cell cycle? cytokinesis interphase apoptosis mitosis

Mitosis Phases Nuclear envelop Chromosones Prophase- Metaphase The nucleus organize the chromatin material into chromosones. __________________ breaks down. Metaphase Chromosones meet at the center of the cell. Spindles attach to chromosones. Nuclear envelop Telophase Chromatin forms from _________________ Cytoplasm pinches and form 2 nuclei appear Anaphase Chromosones are pulled to opposite poles of the cell Nuclear Membrane appear Chromosones

Which diagram shows anaphase? Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.2 Formative Questions Which diagram shows anaphase?

At the end of mitosis the nuclear material is Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.2 Formative Questions True or False At the end of mitosis the nuclear material is divided and two new cells have formed.

Which is the first phase of mitosis? Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which is the first phase of mitosis? interphase prophase metaphase telophase

During what phase do the sister chromatids Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Diagnostic Questions During what phase do the sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell? interphase metaphase anaphase telophase

Cytokinesis Cytoplasm divides Daughter Results in 2 new _______________ Cells _____________ to the parent cells In animal cells a _____________ forms. In plant cells, a _________ forms. Daughter Identical Cleavage furrow Cell plate

What happens in the cell during cytokinesis? Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 Formative Questions What happens in the cell during cytokinesis? The cell grows and carries out normal functions. The cell copies its DNA and forms chromosomes. The cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide. The cell’s cytoplasm divides.

Mitosis and Cytokinesis Spindle forming Centrioles Nuclear envelope Chromatin Centromere Centriole Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Interphase Prophase Spindle Cytokinesis Centriole Metaphase Telophase Individual chromosomes Anaphase Nuclear envelope reforming

Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 10-2 Spindle forming Centrioles Chromatin Centromere Nuclear envelope Centriole Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Interphase Prophase Spindle Cytokinesis Centriole Metaphase Telophase Individual chromosomes Anaphase Nuclear envelope reforming

Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 10-2 Spindle forming Centrioles Chromatin Centromere Nuclear envelope Centriole Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Interphase Prophase Spindle Cytokinesis Centriole Metaphase Telophase Individual chromosomes Anaphase Nuclear envelope reforming

Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 10-2 Spindle forming Centrioles Chromatin Centromere Nuclear envelope Centriole Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Interphase Prophase Spindle Cytokinesis Centriole Metaphase Telophase Individual chromosomes Anaphase Nuclear envelope reforming

Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 10-2 Spindle forming Centrioles Chromatin Centromere Nuclear envelope Centriole Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Interphase Prophase Spindle Cytokinesis Centriole Metaphase Telophase Individual chromosomes Anaphase Nuclear envelope reforming

Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 10-2 Spindle forming Centrioles Chromatin Centromere Nuclear envelope Centriole Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Interphase Prophase Spindle Cytokinesis Centriole Metaphase Telophase Individual chromosomes Anaphase Nuclear envelope reforming

This cell has completed what stage of mitosis? Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Assessment Questions This cell has completed what stage of mitosis? anaphase interphase metaphase telophase

At what stage of interphase does the cell take Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Standardized Test Practice At what stage of interphase does the cell take inventory and make sure it is ready for the division of its nucleus? G1 S G2 M

Concept Map Cell Cycle Section 10-2 includes is divided into

Concept Map Cell Cycle Section 10-2 includes M phase (Mitosis) Interphase is divided into is divided into G1 phase S phase Prophase G2 phase Metaphase Telophase Anaphase

Meiosis zygote egg sperm Meiosis is responsible for genetic variety in a species This process is necessary for Sexual Reproduction! Female gametes______ Male Gametes_______ Sperm + Egg=________ Zygote-> New individual that is genetically different from both parents. Crossing over of Homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 leads to Genetic Diversity!!!!!!!! egg sperm

Meiosis Homologous Chromosomes 23 Human body cells have________ pairs of chromosomes; which equals_______ total. You get 1 set of 23 from Mom and 1 set of 23 from DAD Homo=___________ *** Homologous chromosomes carry________ that carries the same inherited _________ Meiosis produces _________ gametes Karyotope- an organized profile of a person's chromosomes 46 same genes traits 4 Chromatid Centromere

WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT ? SYNAPSIS & CROSSING OVER (PROPHASE I) SEGREGATION & INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT (ANAPHASE I) 3. Skip INTERPHASE II (NO S) CELL DIVIDES TWICE, BUT… ONLY COPIES DNA ONCE

HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES SAME SIZE SAME SHAPE CARRY GENES for the SAME TRAITS BUT _______________________! (Don’t have to have the SAME CHOICES) Image modified by Riedell NOT IDENTICAL Allows for__________ in different combinations After crossing over, chromatids arms are_______________ anymore Rearranging of DNA NOT IDENTICAL http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm

MEIOSIS One large cell will produce 4 smaller cells Each cell will have ½ the normal number of chromosomes Cells produced will fuse together during sexual reproduction May be called egg and sperm or + and -

MEIOSIS Looks like two versions of mitosis DNA does not duplicate second time through prophase 1 cell makes two identical cells, then each of these makes two cells with ½ the normal number of chromosomes Egg cell and sperm cell combine to form zygote (new organism) ½ chromosomes in egg + ½ chromosome in sperm = NEW ORGANISM WITH RIGHT NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES

Meiosis

Humans, animals, plants, fungi all organisms Crossing Over: Meiosis vs Mitosis Definition: A type of cellular reproduction in which the number of chromosomes are reduced by half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell. A process of asexual reproduction in which the cell divides in two producing a replica, with an equal number of chromosomes in haploid cell Type of Reproduction: Sexual Asexual Occurs in: Humans, animals, plants, fungi all organisms Crossing Over: Yes, mixing of chromosomes can occur. No, crossing over cannot occur. Number of Divisions: 2 1 Number of Haploid Daughter Cells produced: 4 Chromosome Number: Reduced by half Remains the same Steps: The steps of meiosis are Interphase, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II and Telophase II. The steps of mitosis are Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and Cytokinesis Cytokenesis: Occurs in Telophase I & Telohpase II Occurs in Telophase Creates: Sex cells only: Female egg cells or Male sperm cells Makes everything other than sex cells