Going out with a bang: HSTs continuing contribution to gamma-ray bursts Andrew Levan University of Warwick

Javier Gorosabel Urkia 27 Oct Apr 2015 A major contributor to the field of gamma-ray bursts from the first afterglows to today

What are they? What are they useful for? What are they? What are they useful for? Fermi/LAT

Discovery of GRBs (VELA, Konus) Long bursts / short bursts - (Konus, BATSE) Afterglows Long bursts - SNe 1997 – now: Host galaxies (locations, morphology, LF, probes etc) GRBs at z> GRBs at z> now - Short GRBs - KNe 2011 – GRBs from relativistic tidal flares Ultralong GRBs Isotropic on sky (very near or far) 2008 – Naked eye GRB Vela (0) Konus (0) BATSE (0)BeppoSAX (30)HETE-2 (30)Swift (800) Missions (number located <10”) 1997 – Cosmological origin Post-2004 highlights from Gehrels & Cannizzio 2015

SGRB LGRB ULGRBTDE Galactic Sources SGR Levan et al. 2014

1997 – GRB afterglows But what is this? Host galaxy? Galactic nebula? Claims of proper motion? WHT INT HST Van Paradijs et al. 1997, Costa et al. 1997, Sahu et al. 1997, Fruchter et al. 1997, Caraveo et al. 1997,Wijers et al. 1997, Galama et al. 2000

Cosmological GRB illuminates line of sight through host – Redshift, N H, metallicity, dynamics NICMOS F160W (26000 s, ) WFC3 F140W (13000 s, ) Continuum host detection – UV star formation rates, stellar masses, morphology z=6.29 Kawai et al. 2006, Tanvir et al. 2012

Fast and slow……… Swift/GROUND HST Extreme physics Jet & particle acceleration Shock interactions Absorption spectroscopy Progenitors Environments Brightest GRB afterglow, R~5 at z=1 Median GRB host (R~25)

Supernovae Ic – Long bursts GRB /SN 1998bw E iso = erg GRB /SN 2003dh E iso = erg GRB A/SN2013cq E iso = ergs Hjorth et al. 2003, Levan et al ACS/grism

Long-GRB hosts Fruchter et al. 2006, Svensson et al GOODS SNe (z<1) GRB hosts (0.2 < z < 4.5, mostly z<1)

Large, homogeneous samples Perley et al Metallicity bias (~solar) Most star formation at low-Z (<solar), GRBs good star formation rate tracers 119 targets, 92% with redshifts (c.f. <30% for all Swift bursts)

Long-GRB locations GRBs from massive (>40 M  ), H-poor stars at metalicity < solar Fruchter et al. 2006, Svensson et al Larsson et al ,20,40,60,80 M  See also Blanchard poster for new results

Long-GRBs as high-z probes T+17h T+19h z=7.9 z=8.2 These sources have H(AB)~23-24 at 2-3 days, possible for WFC grisms Tanvir et al. 2009, Tanvir et al. in prep Afterglow Host galaxy F160W, 26000sF160W, 10000s

Next goals: Long-GRBs GRBs at z>9 Swift/GROUND/HS T grism Hosts at z>7 HST (if lucky), JWST GRB/SNe as standard candles? HST (to test), JWST (to be useful) Phot-z = 9.4: Cuccharia et al A GRB-SNe Philips relation? Cano 2014; Li, Hjorth & Wojtak 2014

Short-GRB hosts +1 AGN Fong et al., Fruchter et al. in prep

Contrasting locations Fong et al. 2013, Fruchter et al. in prep

Kilonovae – short bursts Tanvir et al. 2013, Berger et al. 2013

Next goals: Short-GRBs Kilonovae – Direct optical/IR spectrum (grism ideal) – Sample, r-process production, ejection into ISM. Gravitational wave counterparts – Advanced detectors operation end 2015 – Clear distinction between NS-NS and NS-BH – Clean rate measurements – Simultaneous GW/GRB unambiguous progenitor identification

Summary Progress in GRBs is a triumph of a multi-wavelength, multi- observatory approach. – Swift/Fermi -> Ground -> Chandra/HST/Spitzer Through this we now know the progenitors of both long- and short- GRBs and are deploying them as powerful cosmological probes. – Star formation rate – Properties of early galaxies – Heavy element production Large facilities (HST, JWST, ELTs etc) are crucial, but for GRBs (or any kind of transient) they do not stand alone.

Discovery of GRBs (VELA, Konus) Long bursts / short bursts - (Konus, BATSE) Afterglows Long bursts - SNe 1997 – now: Host galaxies (locations, morphology, LF, probes etc) GRBs at z> GRBs at z> now - Short GRBs - KNe 2011 – GRBs from relativistic tidal flares Ultralong GRBs Isotropic on sky (very near or far) 2008 – Naked eye GRB Vela (0) Konus (0) BATSE (0)BeppoSAX (30)HETE-2 (30)Swift (800) SVOM Missions (number located <10”) 1997 – Cosmological origin GRBs at z>9 Host galaxy detections at z>7 from JWST? Short GRB kilonova characterisation Gravitational-wave counterparts GRB cosmology? Progenitors of new GRB populations (ultralong etc)