1. Refusing to Go Quietly: Gamma-Ray Bursts and Their Progenitors Andy Fruchter STScI Hubble Science Briefing 5 Dec. 2013

2. What Are We Doing Here? An introduction to Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) Massive stars and the long bursts Short bursts and merging neutron star binaries A new view on the universe 2

3. The Vela Satellites: Protecting the Free World from Illicit GRBs Designed to detect nuclear tests (in violation of the test ban treaty), the Vela satellites discovered GRBs 3

4. Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory 4

5. All Shapes and Sizes 5

6. BATSE Band Energies: 1: 20 - 40 keV 2: 40 - 70 keV 3: 70 - 160 keV 4: 160 - 430 keV Two Classes of GRBs Kouveliotou et al. 1993 6

7. BATSE Band Energies: 1: 20 - 40 keV 2: 40 - 70 keV 3: 70 - 160 keV 4: 160 - 430 keV Two Classes of GRBs Kouveliotou et al. 1993 7

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9. The Milky Way According to COBE 9

10. So... GRBs must be very close -- the Solar System GRBs must be very far (distant galaxies) 10

11. But... If they are far out in the solar sytem, they must be produced by colliding balls of ice. Throwing snowballs may be more dangerous than we realized! If they are very far, their energies may be stupendous....something like the rest mass of the sun being turned into gamma-rays! 11

12. Where Do GRBS Come From? http://www.ibiblio.org/Dave/Dr-Fun/df9804/df980403.jpg12

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14. GRB 990123 One of the brightest GRBs observed At its brightest, it was visible through a pair of binoculars But the light from the burst travelled over 12 billion light years before hitting the binoculars! Estimated energy in gamma rays of the burst = rest mass of the sun! 14

15. GRB 990123 Fruchter et al. 1999 Now You See It The transient has faded by a factor of two million since peak in this first HST image 15

16. GRB 990123 Now You Don’t Fruchter et al. 1999 16

17. A Side View of a GRB Doomed Star Black Hole Regions of γ-ray formation GRB Hitting Interstellar Medium 300,000 light seconds Internal Shocks? Photosphere? 17

18. GRBs Go Bump in the Night 18 Expected from GRB Alone Expected from SN Alone

19. The Star Underneath Interestingly, the spectra of the supernovae underneath Long GRBs are missing both Hydrogen and Helium. 19

20. GRB Hosts Box Width 3.”75 Fruchter et al. 2006 20

21. GOODS cc SNe Hosts Box Width 7.”5 Fruchter et al. 2006 21

22. Long GRBs Are Not Just Like Other Supernovae They like to be on the very brightest parts of their host galaxy (much more so than regular supernovae) They like their hosts small -- probably to avoid “metals” 22

23. Artist’s Conception of GRB Environment 23

24. Long GRBs like this Not this You Are Here 24

25. Just When You Thought You Were Safe..... 25

26. A Short-Burst Host Mosaic Images on the left were taken in the blue, on the right in the infrared Short Bursts like all types of galaxies -- small to large, young to old. 26

27. So What Causes Short Bursts? Deep searches show no sign of supernovae, and Short GRBs do not greatly favor star-forming hosts, so massive stars are probably out. Neutron star binaries can merge anywhere between 10 million years and a Hubble time, and are found in all types of galaxies. But is there an observation that would be a “smoking gun”? 27

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30. Environment of GRB 130603B 30

31. SGRB 130603B in Black and White 31 0.6 µ m = visible light 1.6 µ m = infrared light

32. What Have We Found? http://www.sciencecartoonsplus.com/gallery/astronomy/astron51_pretty-good-nova.gif32

33. If Confirmed Will conclusively show that short bursts come from merging neutron stars Will explain much, and perhaps vast majority, of heavy elements 33

34. Merging Neutron Stars Make Waves http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZhNWh_lFuI 34

35. A Future Astronomical Observatory Advanced LIGO will be able to detect gravitational waves that stretch the length of the arms by a fraction of the size of a proton 35

36. Listening to Neutron Star Mergers Figure: Caltech/Cornell/Cita Collaboration Audio: Ben Farr, Northwestern U. 36 http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/services/events/telecons/media/listening_to_neutron_star_mergers.mp3

37. The Nearest(?) SGRB GRB 080905a 1.5 Billion light years away 37

38. We Might Not Need a GRB A kilonova could act as a marker Large new surveys instruments, such as LSST, could locate kilonovae These may be our best way to find the first gravitational wave sources 38

39. The Lesson When there are two competing theories in science, often one is right and the other is wrong. But in more interesting cases, they are both right. Welcome to the progenitors of GRBs! 39