Using Information Technology Chapter 6 Hardware--Input & Output

2 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hardware--Input & Output Taking Charge of Computing & Communications 6.1Input & Output 6.2Input Hardware 6.3Output Hardware 6.4The Future of Input & Output 6.5Input & Output Technology & Quality of Life: Health & Ergonomics

Hardware--Input & Output 3 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6.1 Input & Output Input hardware - devices that translate data into a form the computer can process Output hardware - devices that translate information processed by the computer into a form that humans can understand

Hardware--Input & Output 4 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6.2 Input Hardware Keyboard - a device that converts letters, numbers, and other characters into electrical signals that can be read by the computer’s processor Traditional keyboards… Braille keyboard One-handed keyboard

Hardware--Input & Output 5 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. How input is received from the keyboard  A key is pressed on the keyboard  The keyboard controller sends the scan code for the key to the keyboard buffer  The keyboard controller sends an interrupt request to the system software  The system software responds to the interrupt by reading the scan code from the keyboard buffer  The system software passes the scan code to the CPU

Hardware--Input & Output 6 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Keyboards Specialty keyboards and terminals: Dumb terminal Intelligent terminal Internet terminal Dumb terminal

Hardware--Input & Output 7 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Keyboards Specialty keyboards and terminals: Dumb terminal Intelligent terminal Internet terminal Examples of intelligent terminals: Automatic teller machine (ATM) Point-of-sale (POS) terminal

Hardware--Input & Output 8 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Pointing Devices Pointing devices - control the position of the cursor or pointer on the screen Mouse Trackball Pointing stick Touchpad Mouse for right-handed user

Hardware--Input & Output 9 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Pointing Devices The mouse and its variants: Mouse Trackball Pointing stick Touchpad trackball

Hardware--Input & Output 10 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Pointing Devices The mouse and its variants: Mouse Trackball Pointing stick Touchpad Pointing stick

Hardware--Input & Output 11 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Pointing Devices The mouse and its variants: Mouse Trackball Pointing stick Touchpad

Hardware--Input & Output 12 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Pointing Devices Touch screen - a video display screen that has been sensitized to receive input from the touch of a finger Touch screen

Hardware--Input & Output 13 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Pointing Devices Pen input: Pen-based computer system - allows users to enter handwriting and marks onto a computer screen by means of a penlike stylus rather than by typing on a keyboard Touch screen

Hardware--Input & Output 14 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Pointing Devices Pen input: Light pen - a light- sensitive penlike device connected by a wire to the computer terminal

Hardware--Input & Output 15 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Source Data-Entry Devices Scanning devices - imaging systems: Scanners - devices that use light-sensing equipment to translate images of text, drawings, photos, and the like into digital form

Hardware--Input & Output 16 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Source Data-Entry Devices Scanning devices - bar- code readers: Bar codes - vertical zebra- striped marks you see on most manufactured retail products Bar-code readers - optical scanners that translate the symbols in the bar code into digital code

Hardware--Input & Output 17 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Source Data-Entry Devices Scanning devices - mark- and character-recognition: MICRMICR - Magnetic-ink character recognition. Reads the strange-looking numbers printed at the bottom of checks OMR OCR

Hardware--Input & Output 18 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Source Data-Entry Devices Scanning devices - mark- and character-recognition: MICR OMROMR - Optical mark recognition. Uses a device that reads pencil marks and converts them into computer-usable form OCR

Hardware--Input & Output 19 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Source Data-Entry Devices Scanning devices - mark- and character-recognition: MICR OMR OCR - Optical character recognition. Uses a device that reads preprinted characters in a particular font and converts them to digital code

Hardware--Input & Output 20 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Source Data-Entry Devices Scanning devices - fax machines… Types of fax machines: Dedicated fax machine Fax modem Dedicated fax machine

Hardware--Input & Output 21 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Source Data-Entry Devices Scanning devices - fax machines… Types of fax machines: Dedicated fax machine Fax modem

Hardware--Input & Output 22 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Other Source Data-Entry Devices Audio-input devices Webcams and video-input cards Digital cameras Voice-recognition systems Record analog sound and translate it for digital storage and processing Require either an audio board or a MIDI board

Hardware--Input & Output 23 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Other Source Data-Entry Devices Audio-input devices Webcams and video-input cards Digital cameras Voice-recognition systems

Hardware--Input & Output 24 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Other Source Data-Entry Devices Audio-input devices Webcams and video-input cards Digital cameras Voice-recognition systems

Hardware--Input & Output 25 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Other Source Data-Entry Devices Audio-input devices Webcams and video-input cards Digital cameras Voice-recognition systems

Hardware--Input & Output 26 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. More Source Data-Entry Devices Sensors Radio-frequency identification Human-biology input devices

Hardware--Input & Output 27 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. More Source Data-Entry Devices Sensors Radio-frequency identification (track moving object. E.g Birds, cars etc) Human-biology input devices

Hardware--Input & Output 28 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. More Source Data-Entry Devices Sensors Radio-frequency identification Human-biology input devices (biometrics)biometrics

Hardware--Input & Output 29 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6.3 Output Hardware Softcopy - data that is shown on a display screen or is in audio or voice form Hardcopy - printed output

Hardware--Input & Output 30 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Softcopy Output: Display Screens Display screens - output devices that show programming instructions and data as they are being input and information after it is processed

Hardware--Input & Output 31 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Softcopy Output: Display Screens Screen clarity… Pixel (picture element) - the smallest unit on the screen that can be turned on and off or made different shades

Hardware--Input & Output 32 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Softcopy Output: Display Screens Screen clarity… Dot pitch (dp) - the amount of space between the centers of adjacent pixels; the closer the dots, the crisper the image

Hardware--Input & Output 33 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Softcopy Output: Display Screens Screen clarity… Resolution - the image sharpness of a display screen; the more pixels there are per square inch, the finer the level of detail Standard resolutions (horizontal x vertical) 640 x x x x x x 1440

Hardware--Input & Output 34 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Softcopy Output: Display Screens Screen clarity… Refresh rate - the number of times per second that the pixels are recharged so that their glow remains bright The higher the refresh rate, the more solid the image looks (less flicker).

Hardware--Input & Output 35 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Softcopy Output: Display Screens Two types of monitors: CRT - a vacuum tube used as a display screen in a computer or video display terminal Flat-panel display

Hardware--Input & Output 36 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Softcopy Output: Display Screens Two types of monitors: CRT Flat-panel display - made up of two plates of glass separated by a layer of a substance in which light is manipulated

Hardware--Input & Output 37 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Softcopy Output: Display Screens Active-matrix versus passive-matrix flat-panel displays… Active-matrix - each pixel on the screen is controlled by its own transistor Passive-matrix - a transistor controls a whole row or column of pixels

Hardware--Input & Output 38 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Softcopy Output: Display Screens Color & resolution standards: SVGA XGA SXGA UXGA

Hardware--Input & Output 39 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hardcopy Output: Printers Printer - an output device that prints characters, symbols, and perhaps graphics on paper or another hardcopy medium Dpi (dots per inch) - resolution measure for printers. Specifies the number of dots that are printed in a linear inch

Hardware--Input & Output 40 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hardcopy Output: Printers Impact printer Impact printer - forms characters or images by striking a mechanism such as a print hammer or wheel against an inked ribbon, leaving an image on paper Non-impact printer - forms characters and images without direct physical contact between the printing mechanism and paper

Hardware--Input & Output 41 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hardcopy Output: Printers Nonimpact printers: Laser printer - creates images on a drum which are treated with a magnetically charged toner, and then transferred from drum to paper Replacing a laser toner cartridge

Hardware--Input & Output 42 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hardcopy Output: Printers Nonimpact printers: Ink-jet printers - spray small, electrically charged droplets of ink from four nozzles through holes in a matrix at high speed onto paper Thermal printers - use colored waxes and heat to produce images by burning dots onto special paper

Hardware--Input & Output 43 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hardcopy Output: Printers Plotter - a specialized output device designed to produce high-quality graphics in a variety of colors

Hardware--Input & Output 44 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hardcopy Output: Printers Multifunction printer - output device that combines several capabilities, such as printing, scanning, copying, and faxing

Hardware--Input & Output 45 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Other Output Sound output - devices which produce digitized sounds, ranging from beeps and chirps to music Voice output - devices which convert digital data into speech-like sounds Video output - photographic images which are played at frames per second to give the appearance of full motion

Hardware--Input & Output 46 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6.4 The Future of Input & Output More input devices in remote locationsinput devices More refinements in source data automation More output in remote locations Increasingly realistic--even lifelike--forms of output

Hardware--Input & Output 47 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Toward More Source Data Automation More refinements in source data automation: High-capacity bar codes 3-D scanners More sophisticated touch devices Smarter smart cards More sensors

Hardware--Input & Output 48 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Toward More Source Data Automation More refinements in source data automation: Better voice recognition Smaller electronic cameras Pattern-recognition & biometric devices Brainwave devices Computer-read emotions

Hardware--Input & Output 49 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Toward More Output in Remote Locations Electronic news tablet - a textbook-sized device for downloading a newspaper and then carrying around to read

Hardware--Input & Output 50 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Toward More Realistic Output Display screens--better and cheaper Audio--higher fidelity Video--movie quality for PC’s Three-dimensional display

Hardware--Input & Output 51 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6.5 Input & Output Technology & Quality of Life: Health & Ergonomics Health MattersHealth Matters: RSIs Eyestrain & headaches Back & neck pains Electromagnetic fields Noise Carpal tunnel syndrome

Hardware--Input & Output 52 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ErgonomicsErgonomics - a field devoted to making working conditions and equipment safer and more efficient Ergonomic keyboard

Hardware--Input & Output 53 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Which type of scanning technology reads the special characters printed at the bottom of checks? Magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR)

Hardware--Input & Output 54 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the smallest unit on the screen that can be turned on and off or made different shades? Pixel (short for picture element)

Hardware--Input & Output 55 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Which pointing device resembles a pencil eraser protruding from the center of the keyboard? Pointing stick

Hardware--Input & Output 56 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the measure specifying the number of times per second that screen pixels are recharged? Refresh rate

Hardware--Input & Output 57 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check How is screen resolution specified--vertical x horizontal, or horizontal x vertical? Horizontal x vertical

Hardware--Input & Output 58 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the measure of resolution for printers? Dots per inch (dpi)

Hardware--Input & Output 59 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the debilitating condition caused by pressure on the median nerve in the wrist? Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

Hardware--Input & Output 60 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the name of the vacuum tube used as a display screen in a television, computer, and video display terminal? Cathode-ray tube (CRT)

Hardware--Input & Output 61 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the amount of space between the centers of adjacent pixels? Dot pitch (dp)

Hardware--Input & Output 62 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What type of scanning technology is used to read pencil marks, such as those made by students on examination forms? OMR (Optical mark recognition)

Hardware--Input & Output 63 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the name of injuries to the wrist, hand, arm, and neck resulting when muscle groups are forced through fast, repetitive motions? RSIs (Repetitive stress injuries)

Hardware--Input & Output 64 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Which type of flat-panel display produces a brighter and sharper image--active-matrix display or passive-matrix display? Active-matrix display

Hardware--Input & Output 65 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is an example of an impact printer? Dot-matrix printer

Hardware--Input & Output 66 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Which type of printer produces the very highest-quality color output? Thermal printer

Hardware--Input & Output 67 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the science of working conditions and equipment with the goal of improving worker safety and efficiency? Ergonomics

Hardware--Input & Output 68 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What type of software describes the shape and position of characters and graphics to a laser printer? PDL (Page description language)

Hardware--Input & Output 69 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What type of input device consists of a small, flat surface over which you slide your finger, using the same movements as you would with a mouse? Touchpad

Hardware--Input & Output 70 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What type of input device collects data directly from the environment and transmits it to a computer? Sensor

Hardware--Input & Output 71 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What circuit board installed inside the computer’s system cabinet provides fax capability to the computer? Fax modem

Hardware--Input & Output 72 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What type of terminal has its own memory and processor, as well as a display screen and keyboard? Intelligent terminal