Chapter 17 The Road to War 1

1. What foreign policy did the US follow after World War I? Isolationism- a withdrawal from foreign affairs during the 20’s and 30’s The U.S. Government did not want to get involved in another World War. Did NOT join the League of Nations, Permanent Court of International Justice, or World Court 2

2. What were the major postwar peace initiatives? Disarmament- reduce the size of a country’s military Washington Conference: organized by Charles Evans Hughes He proposed the 5 Power Naval Treaty Ordered countries to retire some of their warships to equal out naval strength. 3

The Allies owed the U.S. over $10 billion. 3. How did war debts and reparations affect European nations after World War I? The Allies owed the U.S. over $10 billion. Britain, France, and Italy wanted their debts canceled Germany owed $32 billion Dawes Plan: gave Germany more time to pay reparations, also provided more loans 4

4. What role did the U.S. play in Nicaraguan politics? 1926, Marines were sent to protect American interests Henry Stimson negotiated a peace treaty to end Nicaragua’s civil war 1933, Hoover withdrew all troops because of the high costs 5

5. How did U.S. relations with Latin America change in the 1930s? Coolidge, Hoover, and Roosevelt all tried to improve Latin America relations FDR and the “Good Neighbor Policy” The U.S. invested in banana, coffee, and sugar plantations. “United Food Company” Mexico nationalized their oil fields, this strained relations with the U.S. and Britain 6

6. How did the Great Depression affect Latin American countries? Crop prices went down (bananas, coffee) It created a huge gap between rich and poor Caudillos- military leaders who used force to maintain order 7

The Rise of Militarism Chapter 17 – Section 3 Page 512 8

What you need to know… How did Mussolini create a fascist state in Italy? Explain Stalin’s power in the Soviet Union. Explain Hitler’s rise to power in Germany. Causes of the Spanish Civil War. Actions of Japan’s military during the 1930’s. 9

The publishers of a new children’s encyclopaedia have asked young people to define what the term ‘democracy’ means today. With your partner discuss a short definition of this word. Everybody has the right to vote. Voters can choose between different candidates and parties. Governments are elected (in Britain every 5 years). Everyone has to follow the laws passed by Parliament (rule of law) Basic freedoms, e.g. the right to demonstrate or write freely in the press are guaranteed. No one is arrested or put on trial without evidence or a proper court case (due process) Write your answer on Page 3 in packet. 10

What is a Dictatorship ???? Education and the media (newspapers, radio, film etc) are strictly controlled by the Government One person - the ‘Dictator’ - holds all of the power in the country So no elections are held because the Dictator does not allow people to choose who they want to run their country Anyone who is considered to be an enemy of the Dictator and his political party would be persecuted Only one political party is allowed to exist - the Dictator is the leader of this party, and the party helps him to run the country Dictators rely upon a large, strong and loyal army to help them to maintain their power What is a Dictatorship ???? 11

What is the difference between a democracy and a dictatorship? 12

Fascist Party – 1921 Why ?? #1 - Benito Mussolini - ITALY Military dominated government Blackshirts Italian king appointed Mussolini prime minister and granted him dictatorial powers!! Why ?? 13

#1 – Why did Italy become a fascist state? High unemployment Fascists beat Communists Widespread opposition to Socialists and Communists Play Video 2:26 minutes 14

#2 – Joseph Stalin – Soviet Union After Lenin’s death in 1924 – Stalin emerged as the nation’s leader. Created a TOTALITARIAN STATE Government controls COMPLETELY Sent 15 Million to later camps by 1933 Stalin felt he could loose control, so he purged all perceived enemies from Communist Party and the Red Army. Approx. 30 Million died as a result of policies. 15

#3 – Adolf Hitler – GERMANY Play Video Mein Kampf (9:09 Min) Mein Kampf (My Struggle) won supporters Electoral success by Nazi Party led to Hitler becoming chancelor in 1933. Third Reich (Third Empire) - - Nazi government 16

#4 Francisco Franco - SPAIN Loyalists vs. Fascists #4 Francisco Franco - SPAIN Causes of Civil War A constitution was created that limited military power and reformed universal suffrage, nationalized public utilities and gave land to peasants. Military men were threatened by this and Franco led them. Franco fascists tried to overthrow the government. Germans and Italians helped Franco take over Soviet Union allied with loyalists Popular Front – Americans and others against fascism 17

#5 – Japan’s Military 1920’s – Military grew and did not want to rely on foreign imports, wanted to reduce western influence and expand in Eastern Asia and the Pacific. 1931 – Invaded Manchuria 1934/1935 – Began a naval build-up 1937 – Went to war with China and occupied northern China. Hideki Tojo Japanese Prime Minister 18

NAME THAT FAVORITE DICTATOR... Write down: a) The name of the Dictator. b) The name of the country that the Dictator is from. - For the following slides (after Charlie Chaplin!). 19

1 Mao 20

2 Stalin 21

3 Hitler 22

4 Hussein 23

5 Castro 24

6 Lenin 25

7 Mussolini 26

War!!! Chapter 17 – Section 4 Page 518 27

What you need to know… Response to Fascism Early events of WWII Why tensions between U.S. and Germany increased Reasons Japan bombed Pearl Harbor 28

Axis Allies It was the Allies vs. the Axis Powers… (major powers) Great Britain Germany Russia Italy United States Japan France (note: France surrendered to Germany in 1940 (after 6 weeks of fighting) 29 29

Choose one of the following pictures and write a caption for it on Page 4 in your packet. 30

#1 The Response To Fascism European nations speed up rearmament U.S. Congress passes neutrality laws. European nations speed up rearmament #1 The Response To Fascism European leaders adopt a policy of appeasement Soviets and U.S. mend fences Appeasement – giving in to demands in order to avoid conflict 31

#2 – Events of WWII –Pg. 5 Pkt. Sept.1 - Germany invades Poland (official start to the war) Sept. 3 -Britain & France declare war on Germany Dec. 7 – Japan bombs Pearl Harbor; US enters the War Aug. 23 –Nonaggression Pact signed May –Germany carried on Blitzkrieg against France & other European nations Germany created Vichy govm’t in France Roosevelt aided Britain with war materials August –Hitler bombed Britain 1939-1945 US involvement 1941-1945 1939 1940 1941 32

Non-Aggression Pact – Surprising!!! Stalin Hitler Non-Aggression Pact – Surprising!!! Hitler and Stalin were seen as natural enemies. When Hitler talked of taking over new land for Germany, many thought that he meant Russia. Hitler also hated Communism (Russia’s government) 33

#3 - U.S. vs. Germany Increase in U.S. aid to the Allies German submarine attacks Roosevelt’s “shoot-on-sight” order 34

So What Was Hitler Asking For? Return of German Speaking Lands - “Lebensraum” Austria - Peacefully Annexed in 1938 German Troops Parade in Streets of Czechoslovakian Town, ca. 1939 35 35

So What Was Hitler Asking For? Sudentenland - (now part of Czech Republic) Munich Conference - Great Britain & France give to Hitler in return for peace Hitler then invades the rest of Czechoslovakia German Troops Parade in Streets of Czechoslovakian Town, ca. 1939 36 36

So What Was Hitler Asking For? Nonaggression Pact Russia stays out of the war in return for 1/2 of Poland Great Britain & France finally declare war on Germany Hitler's triumphal entry into Danzig, Poland 1939 37 37

How Did Hitler Make War? Blitzkrieg “Lightning War” 1939 Hitler invades: Denmark Norway The Netherlands, France Hitler in Paris 38 38

US Assistance Roosevelt provided aid to the Allies: Lend-Lease - 1941 US “lent” war materials to cash-strapped Great Britain Atlantic Charter US secretly meets with England to commit to defeating Germany London Firefighter Tackles an Air Raid Blaze 39 39

#4 – Reason Japan bombed U.S. Meanwhile … in the Pacific … #4 – Reason Japan bombed U.S. Japan continuing expansion in China Japanese assets in U.S. frozen & an embargo on Japan What? Surprise attack by the Japanese on American forces in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Effect? USS Arizona Sinking in Pearl Harbor US declares war on Japan & other Axis powers Pearl Harbor: “a date which will live in infamy” 40

War!!! Chapter 17 – Section 4 Page 518 41

What you need to know… Response to Fascism Early events of WWII Why tensions between U.S. and Germany increased Reasons Japan bombed Pearl Harbor 42

Allies Axis It was the Allies vs. the Axis Powers… (major powers) Great Britain Germany Russia Italy United States Japan France (note: France surrendered to Germany in 1940 (after 6 weeks of fighting) 43 43

Choose one of the following pictures and write a caption for it on Page 4 in your packet. 44

#1 The Response To Fascism European nations speed up rearmament U.S. Congress passes neutrality laws. European nations speed up rearmament #1 The Response To Fascism European leaders adopt a policy of appeasement Soviets and U.S. mend fences Appeasement – giving in to demands in order to avoid conflict 45

#2 – Events of WWII –Pg. 5 Pkt. Sept.1 - Germany invades Poland (official start to the war) Sept. 3 -Britain & France declare war on Germany Dec. 7 – Japan bombs Pearl Harbor; US enters the War Aug. 23 –Nonaggression Pact signed May –Germany carried on Blitzkrieg against France & other European nations Germany created Vichy govm’t in France Roosevelt aided Britain with war materials August –Hitler bombed Britain 1939-1945 US involvement 1941-1945 1939 1940 1941 46

Non-Aggression Pact – Surprising!!! Stalin Hitler Non-Aggression Pact – Surprising!!! Hitler and Stalin were seen as natural enemies. When Hitler talked of taking over new land for Germany, many thought that he meant Russia. Hitler also hated Communism (Russia’s government) 47

#3 - U.S. vs. Germany Increase in U.S. aid to the Allies German submarine attacks Roosevelt’s “shoot-on-sight” order 48

So What Was Hitler Asking For? Return of German Speaking Lands - “Lebensraum” Austria - Peacefully Annexed in 1938 German Troops Parade in Streets of Czechoslovakian Town, ca. 1939 49 49

So What Was Hitler Asking For? Sudentenland - (now part of Czech Republic) Munich Conference - Great Britain & France give to Hitler in return for peace Hitler then invades the rest of Czechoslovakia German Troops Parade in Streets of Czechoslovakian Town, ca. 1939 50 50

So What Was Hitler Asking For? Nonaggression Pact Russia stays out of the war in return for 1/2 of Poland Great Britain & France finally declare war on Germany Hitler's triumphal entry into Danzig, Poland 1939 51 51

How Did Hitler Make War? Blitzkrieg “Lightning War” 1939 Hitler invades: Denmark Norway The Netherlands, France Hitler in Paris 52 52

US Assistance Roosevelt provided aid to the Allies: Lend-Lease - 1941 US “lent” war materials to cash-strapped Great Britain Atlantic Charter US secretly meets with England to commit to defeating Germany London Firefighter Tackles an Air Raid Blaze 53 53

#4 – Reason Japan bombed U.S. Meanwhile … in the Pacific … #4 – Reason Japan bombed U.S. Japan continuing expansion in China Japanese assets in U.S. frozen & an embargo on Japan What? Surprise attack by the Japanese on American forces in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Effect? US declares war on Japan & other Axis powers USS Arizona Sinking in Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor: “a date which will live in infamy” 54