14. Passive Margins and Sediment Transport William Wilcock (w/ some slides from Dan Nowacki) OCEAN/ESS 410 1

Lecture/Lab Learning Goals Know the terminology of and be able to sketch passive continental margins Understand how passive margins are formed Understand differences in sedimentary processes between active and passive margins Know how sediments are mobilized on the continental shelf Understand how sediments are transported into deep water and be able to explain the difference between turbidites and debrites. 2

Passive Margins Transition from continental to oceanic crust with no plate boundary. Formerly sites of continental rifting 3

Terminology Continental Shelf - Average gradient 0.1° Shelf break at outer edge of shelf at m depth (130 m depth = sea level at last glacial maximum) Continental slope - Average gradient 3-6° Continental rise (typically m) - Average gradient 0.1-1° Abyssal Plain (typically > 4000 m) - Average slope <0.1° Shelf BreakAbyssal Plain 4

Volcanic Rifted Margins 1. Mantle Plumes 5

Volcanic Rifted Margins 2. Slab Pull Driven Extension 6

Mantle warm enough to convect and melt 7

Sequences of up to 20 km of basalt 8

9 Non-Volcanic Rifted Margin – Mantle too cold to melt

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Active Margins Plate boundary (usually convergent) Narrower continental shelf Plate boundary can move on geological time scales - accretion of terrains, accretionary prisms 12

Sediment transport differences Active margins - narrower shelf, typically have a higher sediment supply, earthquakes destabilize steep slopes. 13

Sediment Supply to Continental Shelf Rivers Glaciers Coastal Erosion Sediment Transport across the Shelf Once sediments settle on the seafloor, bottom currents are required to mobilize them. Wave motions Ocean currents 14

15 10 largest rivers in world supply 40% of freshwater and sediment to ocean 90% of carbon accumulating in ocean does so on continental shelves

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Sediment Mobilization - 1. Waves The wave base or maximum depth of wave motions is about one half the wave length 17

Shallow water waves Wave particle orbits flatten out in shallow water Wave generated bottom motions strongest during major storms (big waves) extend deepest when the coast experiences long wavelength swell from local or distant storms 18

Sediment Mobilization - 2. Bottom Currents Wind driven ocean circulation often leads to strong ocean currents parallel to the coast. These interact with the seafloor along the continental shelf and upper slope. The currents on the continental shelf are often strongest near outer margins Aguihas current off east coast of southern Africa. The current flows south and the contours are in units of cm/s 19

Holocene deposits (<20,000 y) on passive continental shelves Boundary between modern inner-shelf sand and modern mid-shelf mud depends on waves 70% of shelf surfaces have exposed relict deposits 20

Washington continental shelf Sedimentation on active margins 21

Shelf Sedimentation Coarse grained sands - require strong currents/waves to mobilize Fine grained muds - require weaker currents to mobilize, transported to deeper water. 22

Sediment Transport from Shelf to Deep Waters 1.Turbidity currents (and hyperpycnal flow) 2.Fluidized sediment flows 3.Debris Flows/Slides 23

Debris Flows and Turbidity Currents 24

Debrites and Turbidites Debrites –Weakly Inversely graded (upward coarsening) –Thick, but pinch out quickly –Convoluted bedding Turbidites –Normally graded (upward fining) –Laterally extensive –Thin –Horizontal bedding Lahars and pyroclastic flow deposits, Mt. St. Helens, WA. 25

Debrites and Turbidites Debrites –Weakly Inversely graded (upward coarsening) –Thick, but pinch out quickly –Convoluted bedding Turbidites –Normally graded (upward fining) –Laterally extensive –Thin –Horizontal bedding Turbidite in sandstone, unknown location (from 26

Turbidity Current Experiments There is a good movie of a turbidity current available at 27

Turbidity Currents – Erosion and Deposition 28

Classical Turbidite 29

Submarine Channels 30

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Missoula Floods 34 Flow rates of up to 50 km 3 /hr Modern day Columbia River is ~0.02 km 3 /hr