INFECTION CONTROL AND STANDARD PRECAUTIONS Chapter 16 INFECTION CONTROL AND STANDARD PRECAUTIONS

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. FLORA Flora are microorganisms that occur or have adapted to living in a specific environment Resident flora are always present and prevent overgrowth of harmful microorganisms Transient flora occur in periods of limited duration © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

PATHOGENICITY AND VIRULENCE Bacteria Viruses Fungi Protozoa Rickettsia © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. CHAIN OF INFECTION Agent - entity that causes disease Biological agents Chemical agents Physical agents Reservoir - place where agent can survive to colonize and reproduce © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. CHAIN OF INFECTION Portal of exit - route by which infectious agents leave reservoir to be transferred to susceptible host Portal of entry - contact point where transmission of agent occurs © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. CHAIN OF INFECTION Mode of transportation Contact transmission - physical transfer of agent Airborne transmission - contamination suspended in air Vehicle transmission - agent transferred via inanimate object Vectorborne transmission - agent transferred through animate means © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

BREAKING THE CHAIN OF INFECTION Between agent and reservoir Cleansing Disinfection Sterilization © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

BREAKING THE CHAIN OF INFECTION Between reservoir and portal of exit Proper hygiene Clean dressings Clean linen Clean equipment © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

BREAKING THE CHAIN OF INFECTION Between portal of exit and mode of transmission Block exit of infectious agent by: Maintaining clean dressings on all wounds and injuries Covering mouth when sneezing and coughing Wearing gloves © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

BREAKING THE CHAIN OF INFECTION Between portal of entry and host Maintain skin integrity Use sterile techniques Between host and agent Proper nutrition Exercise Immunize © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

NORMAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS Nonspecific immune defense Skin and normal flora Mucous membranes Sneezing, coughing, and tearing Elimination and acidic environment Inflammation © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

NORMAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS Specific immune defense mounts a response specific to the invading antigen Production of T-cells release lymphokines and B-cells © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

STAGES OF THE INFECTIOUS PROCESS Incubation Prodromal Illness Convalescent © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS A nosocomial infection is acquired in a health care facility and was not present at the time of admission © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. STANDARD PRECAUTIONS Handwashing Gloves Mask, eye protection, and face shield Gown Client care equipment Linens © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. STANDARD PRECAUTIONS Occupational health and bloodborne pathogens Prevent injuries from sharp instruments such as needles and scalpels Use mouthpieces, resuscitation bags, and other ventilation devices to resuscitate © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ISOLATION Isolation precautions based on route of transmission Airborne Contact Droplet Reverse isolation - barrier protection to protect clients that are highly susceptible to infection © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.