Complexity and Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University.

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Presentation transcript:

Complexity and Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University of London

Complexity Theory Complexity from simplicity: higher level coordination emerges from uncoordinated lower- level actions. Self-organising. Emergence Feedback loops Small changes big effects and vice-versa, i.e. tipping points ‘Wisdom of crowds’: knowledge is distributed among individuals rather than centralised in the state Examples: market, forest, city

1.Emergence

Classic v Complex Diffusion ‘State’ – top down diffusion. Gradual, out from centre to peripheries and down social scale ‘Market’ – bottom-up. Peer-to-peer emergence. Erratic, subject to tipping points and ideas can go ‘viral’

Consumers, towns, associations, families ‘Everyday nationalism’ (Deloye, Edensor, Fox, etc) Popular nationalism (Sidel on Philippines; Kammen/O’Leary on USA) Local nationalism: ‘Heimat’ version of nation (Confino, Applegate, Zimmer, Leersen 2014)

2. Feedback Loops Supply of QWERTY Demand for QWERTY Supply of an idea like nationalism makes it more prestigious, people imitate, makes it more prestigious, people imitate…. NOT JUST PASSIVE DIFFUSION

CC — People who cooperate with everyone CD — People who cooperate only with people of the same type DD — People who do not cooperate with anyone DC — People who only cooperate with people of different types

Tipping Points in Epidemics

Role of rumour and spontaneity in nationalist violence

4. The Wisdom of Crowds

Poll of Polls?

Multiple Perspectives on the Nation Zones of conflict (Hutchinson 2005) Lenses of nationhood (Kaufmann 2008) Multivocality (Eriksen 2014)

National Identity and Multiculturalism In most western societies, issues around immigrant incorporation are symbolic rather than material Official discourse School curriculum Very little power/money allocated to ethnic group bodies

Multivocal, not multicultural Multicultural, with white peripheries English ethnic nation, multicultural cities, Celtic periphery

Multivocalism/Multi-Nationalism Current vogue for integrationist civic nationalism alienates multiculturalists and ethno-nationalists Why not establish a common minimum and fill in the blanks? Wide range of lenses on the nation tolerated and validated Tailor-made nationalism, multivocal symbols

Constructive Ambiguity Wording is ambiguous Sold differently to each side Leaders allow each side to believe the deal favours them No problem if ethnic Englishman identifies with Britain through her ethnicity