K&W 4-1 Descartes View

Luigi Galvani ( )

Electrified Frogs Luigi Galvani Frog legs attached to wire in market Electrical storm made legs move Early idea of electrical properties of nervous system

Electrical Stimulation K&W 4-2

Neural Communication

K&W 4-4 The journey of nerve message As message passes along the nerve, Electrode indicates a shift from negative to positive and then back to negative again

Neural Communication Cell body end of axon Direction of neural impulse: toward axon terminals

Hodgkin and Huxley Two Cambridge profs and a squid get together (1939)

Squid and axon K&W 4-5

Microelectrodes KW 4-7

Recording from an axon K&W 4-6

Reversal of charges K&W 4-15

Ions

Ions on the move K&W 4-8 Concentration gradient: move from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration

Ions meet a barrier K&W 4-9 No pores = No movement of ions With pores, ions can move. Charge develops Electrical Gradient: opposite charges attract (+ --) like charges repel (+ +)

Ions of the axon KW 4-10

Resting Cell Recording KW 4-10

Resting Cell Charges KW 4-10

Depolarization KW 4-11 A Graded Potential

Hyperpolarization KW 4-11 A Graded Potential

Axons get polarized K&W 4-11

When an action potential occurs, Na+ and K+ work together KW 4-13

Fig. 2-17, p. 43

Phases of the action potential K&W 4-14

Fig. 2-15, p. 39

Neural Communication

Reversal of Charges Cell body end of axon Direction of neural impulse: toward axon terminals

Falling dominos K&W p. 131

Ion flow K&W 4-15

Properties of Action Potentials All or none: fires completely or not at all Self-propagates: recreates itself Does not degrade: doesn’t lose power Full strength to the end of axon Axon can be any length

Analogies for Action Potentials Band of Fire moving down tube Ring sliding down a string Doing “the wave” in stadium

End of segment one

Naked Neurons Neurons without myelin sheath Slower Shorter Can’t carry messages long distances What does myelin sheath provide?

Louis-Antoine Ranvier French physician discoverer of the myelin sheath In 1878 he discovered myelin and the famous nodes which received his name

Nodes of Ranvier K&W 4-16

Saltatory conduction K&W 4-17

Multiple Sclerosis Jacqueline Du Pre MS diagnosis in 1971 Hilary and Jackie (1998 movie)

Neuronal Integration To fire or not to fire, that is the question All or none principle: all or nothing at all Why important?

Firing Line

Threshold

Sherrington Sir Charles Scott Sherrington ( ) Withdrawal reflex Principle of summation Nobel prize in medicine 1932

Withdrawal Reflex in Dogs One mild pinch between toes  no response Two pinches quickly in same spot  withdraw paw Temporal Summation Temporal = over time

Paw reflex: part 2 One mild pinch in one location  no response Two pinches in different locations  withdraw paw Spatial Summation Spatial = over space

Temporal: one location KW 4-19 Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential Presynaptic cell Postsynaptic cell synapse

Temporal EPSP KW 4-19 top

Spatial: more than one location K&W 4-20

Spatial EPSP KW 4-19

Importance of EPSP Excite cells Bring about activity Sensation felt Muscle moved

Excitation must be balanced Nervous system can’t run on just excitation Sometimes better not to respond Role on inhibition Calm down the nervous system

Role of Inhibition Provides break for the nervous system Lowers activity levels Keeps the brain from over-excitation, as in epilepsy

EPSP vs IPSP

Temporal IPSP KW 4-19

Temporal Combos

Spatial Combos

A cell decides to fire K&W 4-21 Democracy of Cells

Emotional Arousal Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal Sympathetic division (arousing) Pupils dilate Decreases Perspires Increases Accelerates Inhibits Secrete stress hormones Parasympathetic division (calming) Pupils contract Increases Dries Decreases Slows Activates Decreases secretion of stress hormones EYES SALIVATION SKIN RESPIRATION HEART DIGESTION ADRENAL GLANDS

Control over heart Sympathetic  excites Parasympathetic  inhibits Work together to control heart