1. Top Score = 101!!!! Ms. Grundvig 2nd top score = 99 Mr. Chapman 3rd top score = 96.25 Ms. Rodzon Skewness = -.57

2. Lecture 6 Chapter 4 Neural Condition: Synaptic Transmission

3. Chemical Transmission 1.Transmitting Step: presynaptic cell release NT 2. Receptive Step: NT binds postsynaptically to chemically gated (ion) channel presynapticpostsynaptic

4. Resting membrane potential: AT REST The differences in electrical charges between the inside of the cell and the outside cell “Polarized”

5. Why Negative You ASK? IONS Charged Molecules Na + Cl - A-A- K+K+ Na + : Cation (+) K + : Cation (+) Cl - : Anion (-) A - : Anion (-) Ratio of negative to positive is greater inside than outside

6. Why Unequal Distribution? 4 Factors Equalizers Unequalizers 1. Concentration Gradient (passive)  Random movement of ions  Ions travel “down” their [ ] gradient  higher concentration moves to region of lower concentration  Stops when ions are =

7. 2. Electrostatic Pressure (Passive) Charges   Opposites attract  Like charges repel Na + Cl - Hey baby.. What’s your sign? Na + K+K+ Hey baby.. What’s your sign? Talk to the Membrane..

8. 3. Selectivity of Membrane (Passive) Cell membrane is permeable to certain Ions – controls in & out

9. Phospholipid Bilayer: Cell Membrane

11. 4. Sodium Potassium Pump (Energy-Active) For every 2 K + in 3 Na + out (transport system)

12. End Result… Polarization

13. IONIC BASIS OF THE RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL General overview  Resting membrane potential is a characteristic feature of ALL cells in the body  Membranes of neurons contain channels that allow the movement of ions into or out of the cell  The permeability of the membrane is determined by the state of these channels – i.e. whether they are open or closed

14. Neurons have the ability to “gate” their ion channels (permeability of the membrane to selected ions) 3 basic types of ion channels: (i) Passive – each passive channel is identified by the specific ion it allows through it(e.g. K+, Na+ channel)  resting membrane potential (ii) Voltage gated – open or close based on the membrane potential  action potentials (AP) (iii) Chemically gated – transmitters binding on sites (receptors) on the channels. These channels are important in synaptic transmission

15. Figure 3.4 Temporal and spatial summation

16. Depolarize the Cell Make more positive How do we get the cell to depolarize?

17.  EPSP: excitatory post synaptic potential Increases the likelihood that postsynaptic cell will fire  NT binds to chemical gated channel  Ion Channel opens (NA+)  Flood of Na rushes in…why?  Cell becomes depolarize (–70mV)  If reaches “threshold” (-65 mV)  Action Potential (AP)! Will be triggered!!!!

18.  NT binds to chemical gated channel  Ion Channel opens (NA+)  Flood of Na rushes in…why?  Cell becomes depolarize (–70mV)  If reaches “threshold” (-65 mV)  Action Potential (AP)! Will be triggered!!!!

19. Integration of Signals Figure 8-25: Locations of synapses on a postsynaptic neuron

20. How do we reach threshold? Neural Integration: Cell “adds” up signals over space & time GRADED RESPONSE Spatial Summation: Many synaptic inputs adds up to threshold Temporal Summation: One Input that fires quickly in time serving to build on each other To reach threshold AP triggered

21. Convergent Integration: Additive Summation Figure 8-26a: Spatial summation

22. Inhibitory GPs cancel strength of excitatory GP Signal at trigger too weak – no AP produced Convergent Integration: Inhibitory Summation Figure 8-26b: Spatial summation

23. Inhibitory GPs cancel strength of excitatory GP Signal at trigger too weak – no AP produced Convergent Integration: Inhibitory Summation Figure 8-26b: Spatial summation

25. Postsynaptic and Action Potentials Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSP) Graded depolarizations Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (IPSP) Graded hyperpolarizations Relationship between EPSP’s, IPSP’s and AP???? All postsynaptic potentials are added together and if enough EPSP’s occur to cause cell to cross threshold, an action potential occurs

26. Hits Threshold  All-or-Nothing! Action Potential: firing of a neuron massive momentary change in the membrane potential from –70mV to ~ +50mV

27. Figure 3.3 Recordings from a postsynaptic neuron during synaptic activation

28. http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/actionp.html

32. Voltage Gated Channels on Axon

33. Getting back resting membrane potential

35. influx of Na+ causes a region of positive charge that then opens nearby Na+ channels. This "chain reaction" is how the action potential moves down the axon (Propogates). Just behind the action potential, K+ channels open and K+ ions leave the axon taking a positive charge with them. This brings the axon back to resting potential Animated graphic: Copyright 1997, Carlos Finlay and Michael R. Markham. http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp44/4402s.swf http://www.maxanim.com/biochemistry/Action%20Potential/Action%20Potential.htm http://www.mind.ilstu.edu/flash/synapse_1.swf

36. Properties of the action potential AP is triggered by depolarization Depolar. must exceed threshold value to trigger AP AP is all-or-none AP propagates without decrement AP involves reversal ("overshoot") of membrane potential AP is followed by refractory period

37. Voltage Gated Channels in axon open serving to “Propogate” the AP down the axon

38. What Happens When Axon is Myelinated

39. AP generated at every single spot all the way down the axon  Voltage gated Channels only at Nodes of Ranvier  AP only generated at “Nodes of Ranvier”  less depolarizing  “Saltatory Conduction”