Periods of English Old English (ca. 450-1100): Beowulf 1066: Norman Conquest of England Middle English (ca. 1100-1500): Chaucer 1476: First book printed.

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Presentation transcript:

Periods of English Old English (ca ): Beowulf 1066: Norman Conquest of England Middle English (ca ): Chaucer 1476: First book printed in England 1485: Battle of Bosworth Field (beginning of Tudor monarchy) Early Modern English (ca ): Shakespeare, Spenser, Milton Modern English (ca present)

The Anglo-Saxon Migrations

Anglo-Saxon England

Viking Ship

Æþelræd Unræd Noble Counsel “No Counsel” Ethelred the Unready

Bayeux Tapestry: hic residet harold rex anglorum stigant arhcieps/ (here sits Harold, King of the English; Archbishop Stigan)

Bayeux Tapestry: harold rex interfectus est (King Harold gets killed)

Bayeux Tapestry: Isti mirant stella (they wonder at the star)

Pre-Christian Germanic Vocabulary OE geol Yule → Christmas OE eostor Easter (Lat. Pascha, Fr. Paques) Tuesday (Tiw = Mars) Fr. Mardi Wednesday (Woden = Mercury) Fr. Mercredi Thursday (Thor = Jove) Fr. Jeudi Friday (Frigg = Venus) Fr. Vendredi

Ruthwell Cross

Sutton Hoo Ship Burial

Sutton Hoo Shield Mount

Sutton Hoo Helmet

Sutton Hoo Belt Buckle

Anglo-Saxon Brooch

Anglo-Saxon Coin with King Edwin

Anglo-Saxon Coin with King Æthelræd

The Anglo-Saxon Futhark (Runic Alphabet)

Scandinavian Sinker with Runes

10th-century glossary: fish and insects (Latin/English)

Anglo-Saxon glossed manuscript (Latin script, Old English gloss (fuisse, werun, were; euangelia, godspellas, gospels)

Lindisfarne Gospels Carpet Page

Lindisfarne Gospels: Gospel of St. Matthew (Liber Generationis)

The Alfred Jewel ælfred mec heht gewyrhtan (Alfred had me made)

The Exeter Book (late 10 th c.)

Junius Manuscript (ca. 1000)

The Harley Psalter (early 11 th century)

Old English Literature Sermons, homilies, saints’ lives Laws Medical and magical texts Scientific and mathematical texts Misc. (travel literature, animals, etc.) Poetry (5% of literature)

Genres of Old English Poetry Heroic/Germanic past – heroism, loyalty – Beowulf, a few others, battle-poems Christian poetry – Christ as hero – saints’ lives – heofonrices weard, wealdend Old Testament narrative poetry – Genesis, Exodus, Daniel lore and wisdom – maxims, proverbs, gnomes, riddles elegies – sad, mournful, meditative misc.: hymns, psalms, prayers, Apostles’ Creed, Soul and Body, Judgment Day, animal descriptions, Death of Edgar, etc.

Germanic Languages

Old English Inflections

Hwæt, we Gardena in geardagum, þeodcyninga, þrym gefrunon, Hu ða æþelingas ellen gefremedon. Oft Scyld Scefing sceaþena þreatum, monegum mægþum, meodosetla ofteah, egsode eorlas. Syððan ærest wearð feasceaft funden, he þæs frofre gebad, weox under wolcnum weorðmyndum þah, oðþæt him æghwylc þara ymbsittendra ofer hronrade hyran scolde, gomban gyldan. Þæt wæs god cyning! So. The Spear-Danes in days gone by and the kings who ruled them had courage and greatness. We have heard of those princes’ heroic campaigns. There was Shield Sheafson, scourge of many tribes, a wrecker of mead-benches, rampaging among foes. This terror of the hall-troops had come far. A foundling to start with, he would flourish later on as his powers waxed and his worth was proved. In the end each clan on the outlying coasts beyond the whale-road had to yield to him and begin to pay tribute. That was one good king.

Contents of Cotton Vitellius A.XV The Passion of St. Christopher (saint’s life) The Wonders of the East (marvelous narrative) The Letter of Alexander to Aristotle (lore and wisdom) Beowulf Judith (poem about the Old Testament heroine)

The Language of Beowulf: Repetition and Variation Levels: sub-verbal (alliteration, assonance, dissonance, rhyme) Words, compounds, phrases, paragraphs, themes Structure of the poem ‘verse-paragraphs’ (repetition of sounds, words, or phrases at beginning or end - ‘envelope-pattern’) Proverb or gnomic expression (‘gnome’)

Terms of Warrior Society Hlaford (lord) Þegn (thane, retainer, warrior, noble) Beaggyfa (ring-giver; 1102) Helm (helmet, protector, lord; 371, 456, and 6 other times) Gifts Example passages: ll , , ,