1. The Anglo-Saxons
(Lit Book pg. 3)

2. Why Study England and its history?
America and other world democracies would not be what they are today without legacy of England:
Law/parliamentary government
Literature
Language
Before the Celts and Romans, England was a dark, green, isolated island. Then the “rise of the West” happened, as Rome and Europe expanded.

4. The Romans: The Great Administrators
The Celts (300s BC)
The Celts practiced Animism (spirits in all aspects of nature, controlled daily life, priests called Druids acting as intermediaries)
Unlike the Anglo-Saxon tales, Celtic mythology had more powerful female figures, more “sunlight” and magic, fantastic animals, love affairs, and adventures
The Romans: The Great Administrators
Julius Caesar conquered the Britons in 55 B.C.
Romans brought Christianity (missionaries), armies, organization, roads
Rome vacated Britain and left infrastructure, but no government. British inhabitants were in separate clans, a weak island ripe for conquering

5. The Anglo-Saxon Invasions (400s AD)
After Rome left, Britain was invaded by as many as 200,000 Angles and Saxons from Denmark and Germany, who brought new language to “Engla-land” (land of the Angles)

6. In the late 800s, Anglo-Saxon King Alfred of Wessex united England against Viking invaders
Christianity was spread by Irish and European missionaries (convert the AS kings = convert their subjects), provided a common faith, morality, and link to Europe
The AS period ended in 1066, with the arrival of the Norman duke (and later king) William the Conqueror

7. Anglo-Saxon Life
Anglo-Saxon life was centered on warfare, but they were not barbarians: they had a system of law and order that involved responsibility of leaders, loyalty, and gift-giving to leaders
AS society was communal, centered around the hall of their leader/king.
Loyalty and closeness meant survival and safety in times of warfare.
Christianity also eventually became a key center of their lives.

8. King/Leader’s Hall
Everyone else lived closely centered around it

9. The Anglo-Saxon Religion: Gods for Warriors
A key belief was that fame in life (through heroic deeds) meant one would live on after death.
The old AS religion came from the Scandinavian mythology of “warrior gods”:
Odin – god of death, poetry, and magic; associated with burial rites
Thunor/Thor – god of thunder and lightening; his sign was the hammer
The dragon: protector of treasure, guardian of the grave mound– seen as personification of “death the devourer” and guardian of grave mound
The three key ethics of AS society:
Loyalty
Bravery
Generosity

10. The Christian Monasteries
A Light from Ireland
Ireland was different from surrounding countries in the 5th century because they continued to be Celts with Roman influence (no invaders)
Patrick, a Romanized Briton (an escaped/converted slave), converted Celtic Ireland to Christianity.
Ireland was able to experienced a golden age of peace and learning while much of Europe was at war
The Christian Monasteries
Monasteries: places if learning and preserving great works and stories of the period, regardless of if they were Christian
Scriptorium: Where monks copied manuscripts by hand
Latin: the serious language of study… until King Alfred wrote “The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle” in (Old) English, which began to slowly take hold in England

11. Bards and the Oral Tradition
Bards (also called “scops”): skilled storytellers who sang poems of gods and heroes, stories passed along orally
Bards worked with a rich supply of heroic tales, reflecting concerns of AS life
Much AS poetry stresses fame in the afterlife through brave and good works in life (heroes)
Bards’ songs also dealt with ideas of fate and religion
Bards were honored in society for entertainment and for keeping the culture and its stories alive

12. Beowulf in Old English (Anglo-Saxon)
HWÆT, WE GAR-DEna in geardagum, þeodcyninga þrym gefrunon, hu ða æþelingas ellen fremedon! oft Scyld Scefing sceaþena þreatum, monegum mægþum meodosetla ofteah, egsode eorlas, syððanærest wearð feasceaft funden; he þæs frofre gebad, weox under wolcnum weorðmyndum þah, oð þæt him æghwylc ymbsittendra ofer hronrade hyran scolde, gomban gyldan; þæt wæs god cyning! What does it sound like?

13. Old English Poetics
Poems were transmitted to the public through song (recited aloud, usually accompanied by harp)
Because of this, as much emphasis was placed on how the poem sounded as what it contained:
Emphasis on stressed/unstressed syllables in a line (number of syllables not important)
Alliteration: repetition of consonant and vowel sounds at beginning of words
Caesura: rhythmical pause
Kennings: (see next slide)

14. Kennings What are they? Why use them? Examples:
A metaphorical way of speaking, writing, and thinking
A noun is renamed in a creative way using a compound word or union of two separate words to combine ideas
Why use them?
The AS poets depended on alliteration, but didn’t have a large vocabulary
In oral poetry, ready-made phrases were valuable
Their complex structure satisfied taste for elaboration (basically, they sounded good)
Examples:
whale-paths: oceans
wave-rider: a boat or ship
ring-giver, folk-friend, or friend to the people: a king