Clouds and Radiation. “..there are substantial uncertainties in decadal trends in all data sets and at present there is no clear consensus on changes.

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Presentation transcript:

Clouds and Radiation

“..there are substantial uncertainties in decadal trends in all data sets and at present there is no clear consensus on changes in total cloudiness over decadal time scales.” IPCC-The Scientific Basis-Chapter 3, p. 277 An increase in both clouds and precipitation has occurred over many parts of the land surface (Dai et al., 1999, 2004a, 2006), although not in the tropics and subtropics (which dominate the global land mean; Section ). IPCC-The Scientific Basis-Chapter 3, p. 279

IPCC WG1 AR4 Report Variability caused by model representations of clouds

How do Clouds Alter the State of the Atmospheric Column? Diabatic Heating Profiles –Latent Heating –Net column latent heating = Precipitation mass * L, where L = latent heat –Radiative Heating –Net column radiative heating= net incoming minus net outgoing –Profiles of diabatic heating impact atmospheric dynamic and thermodynamic structure

Radiative Heating and Cooling of the atmospheric column

SHORTWAVE λ=1-4 μm includes visible band a cloud-free column

LONGWAVE λ > 4 μm

Radiative Flux Divergence Primer Radiative Flux Divergence = net radiation into column - net radiation out of column positive values imply heating negative values imply cooling negpos NET

SHORTWAVE

cirrus (ice clouds) thin wispy semi-transparent o optically thin

SHORTWAVE cumulus convection and other optically thick clouds (liquid/mixed/ice) base near surface > 30% coverage vertical development layer clouds

Cirrus and Cumulus from the Space Shuttle Courtesy NASA CERES

LONGWAVE

cumulus convection and other optically thick clouds (liquid/mixed/ice)

LONGWAVE

What Cloud Properties Change the Radiative Heating Rate Profile? 1.Hemispheric cloud coverage cloud 2.Optical thickness of individual clouds and layers 3.Height in the atmosphere 4.Layer coherence (or overlap) 5.Composition Contain ice crystals, liquid water, or both? Particle sizes? Particle concentrations?

How Does the Location of Cloud Impact the Surface Temperature? Low Clouds ~ 2-km High Clouds ~10-km COOLINGWARMING

What types of remote sensors do we use to make cloud measurements? Vertically-Pointing Lasers (LIDARs) –measure the height of the lowest cloud base –below cloud concentrations of aerosol and water vapor –beam quickly disperses inside cloud Cloud Radars –cloud location and microphysical composition –in-cloud updrafts, downdrafts, and turbulence Microwave Radiometers –measure the total amount of liquid water in atmosphere –can’t determine location of liquid –no measure of ice water content

Negligible Return Cloud and Aerosol ParticlesCloud droplets Surface 10-km 20-km 24 Hours Lidar Data from Southern Great Plains Ice Clouds Low Clouds No Signal 7:00 pm7:00 am7:00 pm time

Niamey, Niger, Africa 0000 Negligible Return Cloud Droplets Cloud and/or Aerosol Time (UTC) Height (km) Biomass Burning Dust LIQUID CLOUDS

VHF UHF 10 cm 8 mm 3.2 mm cloud radars

3.2 mm 95 GHz 8.0 mm 35 GHz Maximum Propagation Distance km10-15 km Cloud Radar Wavelengths

The DOE ARM Cloud Radars

Small Cloud ParticlesTypical Cloud ParticlesVery Light Precipitation Surface 10-km 20-km Cloud Radar Data from Southern Great Plains Black Dots: Laser Measurements Of Cloud Base Height 7:00 pm7:00 am7:00 pm time

Evolution of Cloud Radar Science Cloud Structure and Processes Cloud Statistics Cloud Composition diurnal variation in cloud fractional coverage and surface precipitation for June 2006 over Lamont, Oklahoma (Courtesy: Lynne DiPretore)

Height (km) Cloud Fraction (%) GFS cloud initialization data mandatory radiosonde data satellite retrievals of temperature satellite-derived cloud motion vector aircraft cloud fraction parameterization: Xu and Randall (1996) August GFS km cloud fraction larger than AMF AMF 0-10 km cloud fraction larger than GFS Kollias, P, M.A. Miller, K.Johnson, M. Jensen, D. Troyan, 2008

Surface 2-km 10-km Laser Radar Base Radar Echo Top Base Top Low Radar Sensitivity Radar Echo Radar Echo Microwave Radiometer Emission Multiple remote sensors required to measure non- and weakly precipitating clouds

7:00 pm7:00 am7:00 pm Liquid Cloud Particle Median Radius Micrometers Height (km) time Miller and Johnson, 2003

Tobin et al., 2007

Clouds and Radiation from Space (and high altitude)

altitude (km) 19:30 19:53 June 12, 2006 Oklahoma CPL backscatter profiles and MAS comparison distance (km) km time (UTC) Matt McGill/NASA Goddard

A-TRAIN CONSTELLATION The Afternoon or "A-Train" satellite constellation presently consists of 5 satellites Two additional satellites, OCO and Glory, were supposed to join the constellation OCO was lost during a launch failure on 2/24/2009. Glory is scheduled to launch (02/23/11) Approx equator crossing times

36 Afternoon Constellation Coincidental Observations (Source: M. Schoeberl) MODIS/ CERES IR Properties of Clouds AIRS Temperature and H 2 O Sounding Aqua CloudSat PARASOL CALIPSO- Aerosol and cloud heights Cloudsat - cloud droplets PARASOL - aerosol and cloud polarization Glory-aerosol size and chemistry CALIPSO OCO-2? Aura OMI - Cloud heights OMI & HIRLDS – Aerosols MLS& TES - H 2 O & temp profiles MLS & HIRDLS – Cirrus clouds Glory

CloudSat (Hurricane Ike) 37

CloudSat 38

Radar/Lidar Combined Product Development Formation flying is a key design element in cloudsat CloudSat has demonstrated formation flying as a practical observing strategy for EO. Overlap of the CloudSat footprint and the CALIPSO footprint, within 15 seconds, is achieved >90% of the time.

Microwave Limb Sounder ECMWFCloudSat A-Train Cloud Ice

Visual Images of the Sky cloud coverage (versus cloud fraction) simple! digitize images and … daytime only integrated quantity

Lidar/Radar combined ice microphysics - new A-Train ice cloud microphysics Zhien Wang University of Wyoming