Medical Imaging Mohammad Dawood Department of Computer Science University of Münster Germany.

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Presentation transcript:

Medical Imaging Mohammad Dawood Department of Computer Science University of Münster Germany

2 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood 2 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood Medical Imaging Modalities

3 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood Introduction to Medical Imaging Modalities 1.X-Ray 2.CT 3.MRT 4.SPECT 5.PET 6.Ultrasound 7.…

4 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood Electro-Magnetic Radiation

5 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood

6 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood X-Ray CTMRT

7 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood X-Ray

8 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood Production of X-Rays in Medical Diagnostic Cathode is heated Electrons are accelerated in an electric field Anode is used as target

9 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood X-Rays produced when high velocity electrons collide with matter Bremsstrahlung Compton Scatter

10 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood X-Rays 99% of the energy is converted into heat -> targets with high melting points and atomic numbers Rotating Anodes rpm Tungsten (Z=74, T m =2757°, λ=1.3) Rhenium (Z=75, T m =2557°, λ=0.7)

11 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood X-Rays Attenuation effect

12 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood X-Rays Attenuation effect Wavelength Atomic Number Density Thickness

13 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood

14 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood Mammography

15 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood X-Rays Contrast agents

16 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood X-Rays Hounsfield scale (HU) Scatter Ray hardening

17 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood CT (Computed Tomography)

18 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood CT (Computed Tomography) Based on X-rays and attenuation effect

19 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood CT (Computed Tomography) 1 st Generation CT Point by point 2 nd Generation Detector array 3 rd Generation Extended FOV 4 th Generation Detector ring Electron Beam CT

20 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood

21 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood CT scanner The gantry

22 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood

23 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood MRT (Magnetic Resonance Tomography)

24 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood MRT (Magnetic Resonance Tomography Based on the spin of protons and an external magnetic field - Nuclei with odd number of protons have a spin - Due to electric charge they act as dipoles

25 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood MRT (Magnetic Resonance Tomography - dipoles are randomly distributed - When an external magnetic field (B 0 ) is present the dipoles align themselves parallel or anti-parallel to it - more often parallel than anti-parallel 100,000:100,006 at 1.5 Tesla

26 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood MRT (Magnetic Resonance Tomography -the spins are not aligned exactly 0° or 180° to B 0 - this leads to a precession - Larmor frequency

27 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood MRT (Magnetic Resonance Tomography) -net spin vector parallel to B 0

28 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood MRT (Magnetic Resonance Tomography) - external RF signal (at larmor frequency) causes flip of M

29 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood MRT (Magnetic Resonance Tomography) appropriate external RF signal (at larmor frequency) causes flip of M into x-y plane precession induces a signal in a receiver coil T 1 : time for re-alignment with B 0 after the RF signal to 63%, usually in seconds

30 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood MRT (Magnetic Resonance Tomography - T 2 and T 2 * decay : time for decay to 37% in transverse magnetization, usually in milliseconds

31 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood MRT (Magnetic Resonance Tomography Selective Phase coding Frequency coding

32 Medical Imaging, SS-2010 Mohammad Dawood