© 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved Digital Immigrants Digital Natives & The Information Age Fred Stein and Many others Case # Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited.

© 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved 2 Digital Immigrants Dilemma Case # Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. j Seems to Happen all the time to me New Cameras, New Software, New Ideas

© 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved 3 The Digital Native is Born – They are on the Front Line 23 to ARPANET is born 1990 CERN researcher conceives the “web” 1994 Shopping malls arrive on the net; secure cybercash ,000- player online video games Enters Middle School; Uses AOL for homework 1996 HS Grad Gifts: iPod and Camera Phone 2003 Enters HS Shares MP3s on Napster 2000 Taught LOGO in Elementary school yr after 1 st Consumer Computer Web 1.0 “Dot Com”; Yahoo 2007 Web 2.0 Facebook One Laptop per Child 1985 Windows 1.0 Started online banking & Bill pay 2003 Web is primary source of news 2000 Second Job; Joined Match.com MySpace Wikipedia 1996 DSL and Cable modems; eBay YouTube; Switched to Google Maps 2006 Fourth Job; GPS in car, HD TV, Xbox Internet exceeds 170 million hosts 2004 Second Browser Wars 3 rd Generation Video games Super Mario 4 th Generation Video games Everquest 6 th Generation Video games Halo 3 5 th Generation Video games Grand Theft Auto Jay Crossler MITRE &Lee Rainie, Pew Internet & American Life Project

© 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved 4 Pacing Ideas – Exploiting Information Age n Openness – Make boundaries Porous – “IP” must be shared n Peering – Allow Self Organization – Social networking / Social Bookmarks n Sharing – Allow Encourage Peer to peer exchanges - Establish Incentives - Reduce Disincentives n Act Globally – Exploit Locally – Use the Information Domain n Create and Exploit COIs n Participatory Structure for Networks – Manage and Fight Networks MUST BE ABLE TO SEE THEM n Understand Evolving Technologies and Look to Incorporate them - Make Advanced Technology work with Low Tech – Can we make Web Two tech work in the Military ? n Contribution Increase when all can see Higher Goals “ Why Generation” n Communications is SOCIAL – People still rule Case # Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited.

© 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved 5 Global Trends n Success = Scale n Top Down – Centralized n Traditional Hierarchy Organization n Information Hoarding n Local Awareness n Arms Length Relationships n Success = Scale and Complexity n Empowering the “Edges” n Hybrid Organization n Information Sharing n Shared Awareness n Collaboration & Synchronization Industrial Age Information Age New Behaviors New Relationships New Competencies New Technologies Case # Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. Phone Camera Right Format Networked Phone Camera Right Format Networked Film Camera Wrong Format Not Networked Film Camera Wrong Format Not Networked Digital Camera Right Format Not Networked Digital Camera Right Format Not Networked Or it is a Personnel Trainer Video receiver Audio storehouse Personnel locator Parental Oversight?? More….

© 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved Case # Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. 6 Industrial Age to the Information Age Characterized by n Orders of Magnitude more Interfaces (technically) – More machines talk to more machines, more data bases to more data bases n Orders of Magnitude more people “talk” to more and different people, more informal organizations are formed both within and between traditional organizations – its all about Interconnectivity n All of these changes are taking place an environment of Connectivity - Machine Transformation Connectiveness – Peering – Contributing not just retrieving In less than one decade Industrial AgeInformation Age Increasing Velocity of Change Machines – Connectivity People – Connectiveness Connectiveness - Collaboration Machines – Connectivity People – Connectiveness Connectiveness - Collaboration

© 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved 7 Theme I: The Digital Divide Old World New Cyber World VTC Cell Phone Voice Powerpoint Chat/Instant Messaging BLOG Shared Application ipod Smart Phone Gaming Since 1999 …. Digital Immigrants More than a cultural phenomenon Impacts Operations becomes Surrogate C2 Intelligence collection/distribution

© 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved Case # Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. 8 The Emerging Theory of War The New Reference Material Old Web is a Newspaper Read by Digital Immigrants > 26 yr old New Web is a Coffee Shop < 25 yr old Globalization and Electrons vs Atoms Killer Apps – Spreadsheet – PC Router – Internet one Browser – Web one Wireless – Internet two WIKI etc Web two Next?

© 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved 9 Formation of Communities or Interest (COI) RSS News Feed Culture of Sharing! SO WHAT AGAIN? Old ones now connected New ones formed SO WHAT What effect on Staff Functions? Organization? C2? Water Cooler / Virtual Water Cooler Key to Reach back? Do you IM? What is Social Bookmarking ?

© 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved Case # Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. 10 Digital Immigrants i The Digital Immigrant – Digital Native Totally wired….. …totally digital …able to multi-task… …totally mobile (data, video, voice)...doesn’t know what “LP” or “vinyl” means Wireless handheld computer with maps Portable MP3 Player Connecte d to the Web Struggling with the concept of vs “snail” mail Is clueless about WIKIs and Why Blog? WirelessPicture TV phones InstantConnectivity Where are you on the digital immigrant to native continuum? Why do DN like Social Networks? Why do DN use Social Bookmarks ? Uses Mashups to customize his informationUses Mashups to customize his information Uses “Pipes “Uses “Pipes “ to customize to customize applications applications. Uses RSS to make the web personnel Wireless phone That are becoming the computer , Web IM. Video etc Digital Native Assumes and Demands “Connectiveness” Is Comfortable with and Demands Mobile Social Software

© 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved Case # Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. 11 Digital Citizenship Test 1.Can you read this? “kdz n colleG? ms em? U2 cn lrn txtN” 2.Do you (not your kids or grandkids) own an ipod? 3.Have you tried out a Wii? What game to you like the best? 4.Do you use a smart phone (ie, , video, photos …)? 5.Do you IM? Do you Blog? What do you learn from it? 6.Do you know who “Lonely Girl 15” is? 7.Can you name 3 popular ways to watch TV shows without a TV? 8.Have you ever WiFi’d in Starbucks? 9.Do you know the importance of “mashup” sites? Have you competed in a Mash Up competition? 10.What does MID mean? 11. What is more collaborative Sharepoint or Wiki and what is the difference? Fossils Immigrant Native 8-10 Naturalized Citizen

© 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved Case # Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. 12 Leadership : Digital Natives and Immigrants n Senior Leaders …. “digital immigrants” n Junior Leaders …. “ digital natives” n Digital immigrants are making strategic decisions on technology n Digital Natives are changing the nature of our wars n The global insurgency is leveraging digital technologies CERTIFICATE OF DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP Need to achieve digital citizenship! THEN WHAT HOW DO WE EXPLOIT IT Need to Empower the Natives

© 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved Case # Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. 13 Transformation What impact does this have on Warfare? n Some missions remain the same but face new challenges –Ground Superiority – SA and BFT –Logistical support – SA –ISR – New missions F22 / F35 n Some missions are becoming more important –Information Operations n Public Affairs n Civil Affairs n Some are new missions –Network security –Cyber security –Network attack –Cyber attack Electromagnetic Spectrum EM Ops Electronic Systems Cross Domain Ops Networks Net ops CyberSpace Offensive Defensive Infrastructure Offensive Defensive Infrastructure All missions are taking place in both the Physical and Cyber Domain

© 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved Case # Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. 14 Changing Tactical Environment n The target set that leads to victory has enlarged –Now both Kinetic, Non Kinetic / Cyber n New target sets – now include homeland infrastructure –Finance –Power, etc n Much shorter “order to execute loop” –Shorter due to information –Shorter due to type of weapon --- cyber n Command and Control has changed –Commanders “see” more – may be good or bad –Commanders may be executors - Cyber n The capacity to communicate has exploded n New COP – Maybe UCOP / Demassifcation of Information What is the COP now ? n Both sides are using the “net” – Both Sides have are becoming part of the “Net Generation / Digital babies…” Physical Domain NOW Tied to Cyber Domain Tied to Virtual Domain What impacts on C2 and C2 + ( Command & Control Collaboration and Coordination) Physical Domain NOW Tied to Cyber Domain Tied to Virtual Domain What impacts on C2 and C2 + ( Command & Control Collaboration and Coordination)

© 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved UDOP What is it? Who controls it? Who Inputs to it? Enemy Activity Power Distribution Sadri City Example Sewage Digital Native wants to contribute to the COP – not just use it. Are we providing the tools? Digital Native wants to contribute to the COP – not just use it. Are we providing the tools? What Impact on C2 C2 + Intelligence Doctrine Training

© 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved 16 Data / Information WEB Our Opponents Us Word of Mouth, Cell, Chat, IM …. Internet Intranet NIPR / SIPR JWICS Formal staffing, Loose Organizations Very Agile Larger - Formal Less Flexible What are the Organizational Structures Support Net Enabled Warfare Spider No head - RegeneratesSingle Head - Dies (Brafman and Besckstron) Vs.Starfish Movement to hybrid organization responsive to full spectrum combat SpiderFish Case # Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited.

© 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved 17 X X 443 CA (-) XX L II ING 2-82 (-) L II ING X (+) 353 E 612 E SDD E DISCOM X 27 (-) L II ING L II ING L x ING 40 2 X (-) X 1 X Base Defense EOD 312 MI (-) 13 (-) 545 MP I 307 COM CAM MPAD 15 PS (-) 15 FIN (-) (+) X 103 X E Task Organization 12 US Brigade-sized elements 62 US Battalions 322 US Companies 3 Iraqi Brigades 11 Iraqi Battalions 58 Iraqi Companies X 75 (-) L x ING 41 L 4-5 L II ING (+) (-) L II AL AMARA BAGHDAD DEFENDERS (-) 515 PROV (-) 1-7 (-) L II ING (-) 39 L II ING (+) X 3 X MP (-) TACON 39 (+) X 304 II 2-24 IIF L II POB II 2/2 (-) GS (-) E (-) Case # Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited.

© 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved Case # Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. Agility & Interoperability n Network Centric Warfare (Alberts, Garstka, & Stein) –“An information superiority-enabled concept of operations that generates increased combat power by networking sensors, decision makers, and shooters to achieve… n shared awareness, n increased speed of command, n higher tempo of operations, n greater lethality, n increased survivability, n and a degree of self-synchronization. –In essence, it [net-centricity] translates information superiority into combat power by effectively linking knowledgeable entities in the battlespace.” n An Agile Information Infrastructure is required… –…to support the information interoperability requirements of this highly dynamic environment

© 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved Case # Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. But…Legacy Systems Are Neither n Agile –Legacy systems do not allow for agile access to data –They are based on closed architectures –They cannot be dynamically reconfigured to support new information flows and consumers n Interoperable –Legacy systems were not designed to interoperate –They use proprietary data formats –They have disparate security mechanisms –They are expensive to “integrate”

© 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved 20 18,014,398,509,482,000 variations 54 conditional “branch” fields K0.1 K10.2 K5.19 Each version has about 100 different messages (e.g., TIDP-R4 has 122) R3 R4 R5 5 JVMF (non-compatible) versions & growing A Look At DOD Standards Impossible to fully implement/test TADILJ Nato-Ex ACARS USMTF EPLRS Link-22 JVMF Case # Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited.

© 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved 21 Networks SensorsApplications Info Infrastructure Get Connected (IP over legacy radios) IP CoT Understandable (Loose Couplers) RSS Accessible (Publish/Subscribe) Search Visible (Discovery of Data) Netted Multi-tasked Sensors TPPU: Task, POST, Process, Use TPPU Traditional & non-traditional (Tasked) Sensor shift Task  Sift Cell Phones Commercial (Sifted)

© 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved 22 Blue Force Tracking: What: Friendly Where: º... When: 1930Z—… Details: Blue Force Tracking: What: Friendly Where: º... When: 1930Z—… Details: Surveillance results: What: ISR data Where: 73º—74º... When: 1930Z—… Details: www. intel.af//... Surveillance results: What: ISR data Where: 73º—74º... When: 1930Z—… Details: www. intel.af//... Direct Fire Mission: What: Hostile Where: º... When: 1950Z—… Details: www. biggun.army//... Direct Fire Mission: What: Hostile Where: º... When: 1950Z—… Details: www. biggun.army//... Air Space Deconfliction: What: Reservation Where: 72º, 73º, 74º, When: 1950Z—… Details: www. batttery.army... Air Space Deconfliction: What: Reservation Where: 72º, 73º, 74º, When: 1950Z—… Details: www. batttery.army... Take the Intersection not the Union Cursor on Target: What, Where, When Case # Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited.

© 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved 23 CoT TRS CoT Link-16 CoT B-52 G9L BAO Kit CoT GBS Predator CoT FBCB2 CoT ADOCS CoT GCCS CoT ACARS CT-II CoT AFATDS CoT SIRS RAIDER CoT NCCT CoT DLARS CoT ISRW SECAF Wynne Makes CoT an AF Standard ASD/NII using CoT as model for Universal Core (DOD wide standard) JEFF: Millions CoT Messages/Day Sent

© 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved 24` “UK Cursor On Target Programme” Phase II - Scenarios

© 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved 25 What is the Agility Scale -- How do we Engineer and Design to Allow it Where are you on the scale? How agile are your systems ? What are your feedback loops ? Case # Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited.

© 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved 26 Plan, Organize, Deploy, Employ and Sustain Cycle Conveyed Commander’s Intent Physical and Cyber Domain Force Advantage Position Advantage Physical and Cyber Domain Force Advantage Position Advantage Information Domain Information Advantage Information Domain Information Advantage Cognitive Domain Cognitive Advantage Cognitive Domain Cognitive Advantage Precision Force Compressed Operations Shared Awareness Speed and Access Network Centric Operations Social Domain Cultural Awareness Social Domain Cultural Awareness Our Environment -- Our Challenges

© 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved 27 Plan, Organize, Deploy, Employ and Sustain Cycle Conveyed Commander’s Intent Physical and Cyber Domain Force Advantage Position Advantage Physical and Cyber Domain Force Advantage Position Advantage Information Domain Information Advantage Information Domain Information Advantage Cognitive Domain Cognitive Advantage Cognitive Domain Cognitive Advantage Precision Force Compressed Operations Shared Awareness Speed and Access Network Centric Operations Social Domain Cultural Awareness Social Domain Cultural Awareness Our Environment -- Our Challenges Our Reality - Combat Server in Fallujah

© 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved 28 Wally’s View of the Internet n The New WEB / WEB 2 …. n Internetworked Constellation of Disruptive Technologies n Facilitating the Convergence of People, Knowledge, Objects, Devices and Intelligent Agents in Many to Many Networks n Spawning Innovation and Social Trends Adopted from “Wikinomics” Case # Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited.

© 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved Case # Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. 29 Questions “Soldiers can go Weeks without food, Days without Water, but only Minutes without Data” No Warrior Fights Alone