Machine Translation Anna Sågvall Hein Mösg F1 2005

Anna Sågvall Hein, September 2005 Translation ”substitute the text material of one language (SL) by the equivalent text material of another language (TL)” (Catford 1965: 20) ”Translation consists in producing in the target language the closest natural equivalent of the text material of the source language, in the first hand concerning meaning, in the second hand concerning style (Nida 1975: 32) ”Translation is in theory impossible, but in practice fairly possible” Mounin (1967) Catford, J. C. (1965), A Linguistic Theory of Translation, Oxford Press, England. Mounin, G. (1967) Les problèmes théotitiques de la traduction. Paris Nida, E. (1975), A Framework for the Analysis and Evaluation of Theories of Translation, in Brislin, R. W. (ed) (1975), Translation Application and Research, Gardner Press, New York.

Anna Sågvall Hein, September 2005 Equivalence form meaning style effect

Anna Sågvall Hein, September 2005 Formal and dynamic equivalence Formal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content. It aims to allow the reader to understand as much of the SL context as possible. Dynamic equivalence is based on the principle of equivalent effect, i.e. that the relationship between receiver and message should aim at being the same as that between the original receivers and the SL message. (Nida 75)

Anna Sågvall Hein, September 2005 Can computers translate? Not a simple yes or no; it depends on the purpose of the translation and the required quality.

Anna Sågvall Hein, September 2005 Classical problems with MT unrealistic expectations bad translations difficulties in integrating MT in the work flow –the Ericsson case

Anna Sågvall Hein, September 2005 Feasibility of machine translation quality in relation to purpose control of the source language human machine interaction re-use of translations evalution

Anna Sågvall Hein, September 2005 Quality publishing quality editing quality browsing qualiy

Anna Sågvall Hein, September 2005 Translation related tasks translation browsing gisting drafting message dissemination cross-language information searches cross-language interchanges

Anna Sågvall Hein, September 2005 MT as a cross-language communication tool MT is used not only for pure translation purposes but also for writing in a foreign language and for browsing (Hutchins 2001) Hutchins, J., 2001, Towards a new vision for MT, Introductory speech at MT Summit VIII conference, September 2001 ( TS-2001.htm) TS-2001.htm

Anna Sågvall Hein, September 2005 Control of the source language spell checked and grammar checked SL sublanguage –subject field –text type controlled language

Anna Sågvall Hein, September 2005 Spell checking and grammar checking If there are spelling errors or typos in the SL dictionary search will fail If there are grammatical errors in the SL grammatical analysis will fail Where and how should spell and grammar checking be accounted for? Before or in the process?

Anna Sågvall Hein, September 2005 Controlled language consistent authoring of source texts –reduction of ambiguity controlled vocabulary –full lexical coverage controlled grammar –full grammatical coverage controlled language checking –e.g. Scania Checker

Anna Sågvall Hein, September 2005 Ex. of controlled languages Simplified English KANT controlled English Scania Swedish –Scania checker

Anna Sågvall Hein, September 2005 Human intervention before –language checking during –e.g. ambiguity resolution after –post-editing

Anna Sågvall Hein, September 2005 Re-use of translations translation memories translation dictionaries and terminologies data-driven machine translation –statistical machine translation –example-based translation

Anna Sågvall Hein, September 2005 Evaluation of MT human automatic –using a gold standard similarity measures such as BLEU

Anna Sågvall Hein, September 2005 Why machine translation? cheaper faster more consistent –when it succeeds …

Anna Sågvall Hein, September 2005 What is MT proper? To be considered as MT, a system should provide mininally correct morphology minimal syntactic processing minimal semantic processing handle and produce full sentences Hutchins, J., 2000, The IAMT Certification initiative and defining translation system categories ( tm) tm

Anna Sågvall Hein, September 2005 Examples of MT products Systran ( ) Comprendium (based on Metal) ProMT ( ) ESTeam See further: Compendium.htm Compendium.htm