MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 1 Introduction to corporate security Teemupekka Virtanen Helsinki University of Technology Telecommunication Software and Multimedia Laboratory

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 2 7. Lecture – Fire and rescue Civil rescue system in Finland Fire protection in buildings Physics How to build fire proof buildings Fire protection systems

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 3

4 Security domains

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 5 Public safety A society must protect its members against threats Threats must be found out, recognized and minimized Operations must be able to start fast in every situation Legislation about rescue operations (561/1999)

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 6 The national organization Ministry of the interior Department of the rescue services Directs and monitors rescue services nationally The Rescue Departments of the State Provincial Offices Directs and monitors rescue services regionally Municipalities are together responsible for rescue services within regions determined by the Government. 22 rescue service regions

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 7 Regional rescue services Regional rescue services are in charge of rescue services in their respective region Voluntary, institutional and industrial fire brigades can participate Agreed between the brigades and the region Rescue services employ about 24,000 people 5,000 are full-time employees 4,000 part-time 15,000 voluntary

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 8 Emergency response centres Maintained by the State 15 emergency response centres throughout the country Receive emergency calls Serve as communication centres for rescue, police and social and health authorities Support and assist units on the field

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 9 Several players Rescues services Prevent fires and other accidents Carry out rescue operations Police Find missing people Border guard Maritime safety Finnish Civil Aviation Authority Aviation safety Defence force Staff for special situations Red Cross Voluntary staff Ministry of social affairs and health Preparedness in hospitals

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 10 Radiation and Nuclear Safety Radiation situation is monitored constantly Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority The Ministry of the Interior The Meteorological Institute The Defence Forces Automatic external-dose rate-monitoring network maintained About 300 stations Measurement data also from other Nordic countries and St. Petersburg area Manned and unmanned airplanes in emergency situation

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 11 Radiation in Espoo Source: STUK

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 12 Fire protection and a company Why Compliance of legislation Protection of staff, customers and visitors Protection of valuable properties Protection of operation Protection of reputation How Fire resistant buildings Structures Systems Safe procedures and working conditions Education

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 13 Fire prevention The risk of fire occurring or spreading must be small Help carrying out rescue operations in the event of a fire Buildings must prevent and slow spreading of fire It must be possible for people to escape safely in a case of fire Is mandatory according the legislation

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 14 Three stages of fire Smouldering A flameless form of combustion Smouldering occurs on the surface of the solid rather than in the gas phase Heat released during smouldering is low compared to the flaming combustion Smouldering propagates in a creeping fashion Flaming combustion Gas phase Visual fire Flash “Everything burns” Fire storm

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 15 The requirements for a fire Burning material Oxygen Required for a chemical reaction The air consists enough oxygen to keep fire Pure oxygen is very dangerous Temperature High enough temperature is required Fire itself produces heat

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 16 Suppression of a fire by removing material Remove burning material Walls, roofs, furniture, paper Corridors without burning material Forest fires

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 17 Suppression of a fire by preventing oxygen When stopping the source of oxygen one of the requirements is taken away By mechanical Close a box Roll into a carpet Stop an air conditioning Close doors Chemically Spreading foams

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 18 Suppression of a fire by decreasing temperature Split a fire into smaller areas A local fire can’t produce enough heat to keep on Using water Water decrease a temperature Vaporizing water consumes heat

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 19 Preventing fires The recommended method It is easier to prevent a fire than supress it The handling of flammable liquids Electrical devices Procedures to handle fire in work Safe working conditions Safe working methods Cigarettes, candles

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 20 Decreasing the amount of burning material No unnecessary Papers Packing material Printers Lumber mills

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 21 Self help in a case of a fire The smaller a fire is the easier it is to put it out Using blankets to remove oxygen Using fire extinguisher The main fire fighting should be left for professionals Using liquids Not too strong alcohol First Warn people Call help

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 22 In case of a fire If a immediate prevention does not work Prevent spreading Close doors etc Rescue people Call help Protect valuables Guide fire fighters Even if it works Guard afterwards

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 23 Active fire protection systems Fire detection Smoke, flame or heat Fire suppression The fire is extinguished by manual or automatic

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 24 Fire detection Manual alarm People are god sensors Thermal detector Fix temperature (57-75 degrees) Sudden raise of temperature Reliable Smoke detector Smoke from smoldering stage Ionization or photoelectric (small rooms) Projected beam (large halls) Flame detector Imitates sight Expensive and requires heavy maintain

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 25 Fire suppression systems Must be included everywhere in a building The type must be selected according the needs Starts automatically or by hand Function before the flash phase

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 26 Water sprinkler systems “As seen on TV” In a case of fire rapidly brings water to reduce heat Local detection A bulb in each nozzle Operates only in burning area Connected to a fire detection system Must cover all the areas Water itself destroys electronics Water spray Nozzles inside covers

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 27 Gas based systems A room is filled with an non-reagent gas from a high pressure cylinder The level of oxygen decrease below level required for burning Halon was a good choice Easy to pressure Not dangerous for humans Banned because of environmental reasons Now several proprietary mixes Problems People should be possible to evacuate There should be enough oxygen to breath

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 28 Passive fire protection Buildings must fulfill the passive fire protection requirements to protect life and property Passive fire protection should Prevent fire Slow fire to give time for evacuation Protect routes meant for evacuation Protect other buildings near from getting fire Prevent a collapse of a building

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 29 Compartmentalization Subdivide a structure into fire compartments Divided by fire proof walls and doors Keep a fire in one compartment Other area can be evacuated safely Restrict damages

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 30 Compartmentalization types Floors Each floor is a compartment Floors are fire proof Corridors are protected Usage Each type of rooms is a compartment Office, storage, garage, technical rooms Office time, all day usage Volume

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 31 Fire-resistance ratings The requirements for building parts between compartments Usually based on time Eg 90 minutes fire door Breaks must be taken care Ventilation Cables Foams that fills the breaks when heat increases Closing of doors

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 32 Evacuation routes There must be evacuation routes from any location in a building to a safe place outside An evacuation route must be protected from fire At least two routes The capacity of a route must cover the number of people in location Usually the routes must be normal routes available to anyone In special cases one evacuation can be an emergency route Ladder, hydraulic platform, helicopter

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 33 Evacuation vs security Evacuation must be possible without any devices or keys Doors must not be locked against evacuation One can always escape from inside to outside

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 34 Department of computer science The main door leads to a big hall with open stairs One compartment Open stairs can’t be evacuation routes There are closed corridors in the sides of the building Separated from the main hall by fire doors Several compartments Protected stairs outside the walls

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 35 In a company Every company in Finland must have an emergency plan Fist help Education of people Location of supply Fire protection Fire extinguishers Reducing burning material Evacuation An owner of a building must take care of passive fire protection

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 36 The civil defence The public authorities General protection Public shelters Every building Local shelter Named people for emergency duties Firefighting First help Plan

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 37 Questions ?