Is This Enough Money?

Hardware Components Figure 2.1: Computer System Components System unit Houses CPU and memory All other devices are linked to the system unit Figure 2.1: Computer System Components

Hardware Components (cont)

Processing Characteristics and Functions Machine cycle time: time to execute the instruction phase and the execution phase Clock speed: electronic ______ produced at a predetermined rate ( pc sales # 3 gigahertz ) Wordlength: number of ______ that can be processed at one time 4-8-16-32-64 Physical characteristics of the CPU Digital circuits on chips Electrical current flows through silicon

Memory Characteristics and Functions: Storage Capacity Table 2.1: Number of Bytes

Types of Memory Random access memory (______) Temporary Volatile ______ (read-only memory) Usually nonvolatile

Multiprocessing Multiprocessing: simultaneous _________ of two or more instructions Parallel processing: linking hundreds or thousands of processors operating in parallel Grid computing: collection of computers working to solve a _________ problem

Secondary Storage and Input and Output Devices Also called _________ storage Nonvolatile Greater capacity and _________ economy than memory

Secondary Storage Access Methods Sequential access: _________ must be retrieved in order Direct access: records can be _________ in any order

Secondary Storage Devices Magnetic tapes Magnetic disks Redundant array of independent/inexpensive disks (RAID) Compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) CD-recordable (CD-R) discs (CD-RW) discs Digital versatile disc (DVD) Memory cards Expandable storage

Input Devices Personal computer input devices Keyboard Mouse Voice-recognition devices Terminals Touch-sensitive screens Bar-code scanners Optical data readers

Input Devices (continued) Point-of-sale (POS) devices Automatic teller machine (ATM) devices Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) devices Radio-frequency identification

Output Devices Display monitors Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) Printers and plotters

Computer System Types Handheld computers Portable computers Thin client Desktop computers Workstations Servers Mainframe computers Supercomputers

Overview of Software Computer programs: _________ of instructions Documentation: describes program functions Systems software: coordinates the _________ of hardware and programs Application software: helps users solve particular _________

Supporting Individual, Group, and Organizational Goals Sphere of influence: the scope of problems and opportunities addressed by a _________ organization Personal _________ Enterprise Table 2.5: Classifying Software by Type and Sphere of Influence

Systems Software: Operating Systems

Operating Systems are also responsible for the execution of the following activities: Performing common _________ hardware functions Providing a user _________ and input/output management Providing a degree of _________ independence Managing system _________ Managing _________ tasks Providing _________ capability Controlling _________ to system resources Managing files

Current Operating Systems Table 2.6: Popular Operating Systems Across All Three Spheres of Influence

Types and Functions of Application Software Proprietary software: unique _________ for a specific application, usually developed and owned by a single company Off-the-shelf software: _________ software _________ package

Personal Application Software Word processing programs spreadsheet programs database programs graphics programs ETC

Workgroup Application Software Workgroup application software: supports teamwork, whether _________ are in the same location or dispersed around the world Groupware: software that helps groups of people work together more _________ and _________

Enterprise Application Software Software that benefits an entire organization Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software: programs that manage a company’s vital business operations for an entire multisite, global organization

Programming Languages Sets of keywords, symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statements Allow humans to communicate instructions to be executed by a computer Syntax: a set of rules associated with a programming language Different languages have characteristics that make them appropriate for particular types of applications

Software Issues and Trends Software bugs Program defects that keep it from _________ correctly Copyrights and _________ Global _________ support