1 Evolution Part I BIO 2215 Oklahoma City Community College Dennis Anderson

2 Evolution Changes in a population over time

3 Does the idea of evolution contradict a belief in God? Many scientists of all religious faiths believe in both. Some people feel evolution contradicts the literal interpretation of the Bible.

4 Earths Position in the Universe 400 years ago the general public thought that the earth was the center of the universe –Sun revolves around the earth –The earth does not move

5 Galileo and Corpernicus Demonstrated scientific evidence that the sun is at the center of our solar system and the earth moves around the sun

6 Galileo and the Church Religious leaders felt the heliocentric theory (sun at the center) was a direct contradiction to the literal interpretation of the Bible Galileo found guilty of heresy

7 Copernican System (Heliocentral Theory) Did not destroy peoples belief in God Public now accepts the overwhelming evidence for the heliocentric theory

8 Theory of Evolution Science has overwhelming evidence that all life is constantly evolving

9 Charles Darwin

10 HMS Beagle

11 Ostrich in Africa Rhea in South America

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15 Adaptive Radiation

16 Land Iquana

17 Marine Iquana

18 Different Tortoises on Each Island

19 Origin of Species 1859

20 Natural Selection One mechanism of evolution Main concepts of natural selection –Overproduction of offspring –Inherited variation in offspring –Competition –Best adapted in a given environment survive and reproduce to increase their kind They are naturally selected

21 Overproduction of Offspring Elephants (very slow reproductive rate) –If all the offspring of one elephant pair survive and all their offspring survive then: 750 years = 19,000,000 elephants 1200 years = Enough elephants to cover the earth! Beetles –A handful that weighs 10 mg each –82 weeks 61,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 ton –The weight of the earth!

22 Variation of Offspring Offspring of the same parents are different from each other

23 Competition Since more individuals are born than can survive for an extended period of time, they compete for resources –Food –Living space –Mates

24 Best adapted to a given environment are selected to survive Brown bears –Adapted to survive in Oklahoma Polar bears –Adapted to survive in Alaska

25 Artificial Selection CollieSheltie

26 Evolution is Change Changing alleles in a population can produce new species Dogs have evolved from wolves Man has artificially selected traits to produce the various dog breeds Nature uses natural selection and other mechanisms for evolution

27 Natural Selection of Flies

28 Natural Selection

29 Scientific Disciplines That Give Evidence for Evolution Paleontology Comparative anatomy Biogeography Molecular biology Others

30 Paleontology Study of fossils –Allows us to see anatomical similarities between living species and organisms that lived in the past –Allows us to see how life has changed over time

31 Life Has Changed Millions of species have been found that are different from life today

32 Horse Evolution

33 50 Million Years of Change 50 MYA 30 MYA 15 MYA Modern

34 Florida Museum of Natural History

35 Whale evolultion

36 Comparative Anatomy

37 Homologous Structures Same structures used for different purposes

38 Homologous Structures

39 Homoplasy Analogous Structures Similar structures due to convergent evolution,

40 Biogeography

41 Why No Polar Bears in Antarctica or No Penguins in Arctic?

42 Why marsupials in Australia?

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44 Molecular Biology The study of the molecules of life including DNA and proteins

45 DNA Similarity

46 Homeobox or HOX First discovered in fruit flies in 1983 Later found in mice, man and other organisms Controls embryonic development of different body regions

47 Evolution of New Body Plan Hox gene Ubx of crustacean mutated in lab Caused suppression of leg development Mechanism for evolution of insect body plan 400 MYA

48 Homeobox genes

49 Comparing DNA Human DNA compared to: –Chimpanzee 99% same –Gorilla97.7% same –Orangutan 96.3% same –Another human 99.9% same

50 Comparing Protein Sequences Many proteins in all of man are identical Organ transplants require similar proteins in the donor and the recipient –A sibling or parent is often the best source for an organ transplant

51 Which would be the closest protein match for an organ transplant? Assuming all are alive and healthy. A persons father A persons great grandfather A persons 10 th great grandfather

52 Molecular Clock The further you go back in time, the more proteins (and DNA) are different. Differences in protein sequences and DNA can be used to estimate time when two species shared a common ancestor

53 Related Organisms Close similarity of protein sequences indicates close relationship

54 Cytochrome C Protein used to release energy from food 104 amino acids 20 of the amino acids occupy the same position in all eukaryotes

55 Comparison of Human Cytochrome C 100 amino acids different in tuna fish 12 amino acids different in a horse 8 amino acids different in a kangaroo 1 amino acid different in a monkey Identical to chimpanzee

56 Pattern of Evolution Originally Based on Fossil Record DNA comparisons confirm the same pattern Protein sequences confirm the same pattern 150 years of research by thousands of scientists demonstrate beyond doubt that life evolves.

57 The End