The processing of morpheme-like units in monomorphemic words.

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Presentation transcript:

The processing of morpheme-like units in monomorphemic words. Marcus Taft & Paul Kougious School of Psychology University of New South Wales Sydney, AUSTRALIA

Are these polymorphemic words? ACTOR TIDAL MOSTLY YES ARTIST ORIGINATE

What about these? DONATE VIRUS MOSTLY NO FLORA FINISH

And these? DONOR VIRAL SOME YES SOME NO FLORIST ADHESIVE

VIRUS is not a polymorphemic word, but VIRAL might be. So, VIRUS is not a polymorphemic word, but VIRAL might be. DONATE is not a polymorphemic word, but DONOR might be.

VIRUS and VIRAL are clearly related, and they are related through VIR. But VIRUS and VIRAL are clearly related, and they are related through VIR. Does this mean that VIR is a (bound) stem morpheme?

Similarly is DON a stem morpheme in DONATE and DONOR, even though the former is not considered to be polymorphemic? Is FLOR a stem morpheme in FLORA and FLORIST? Is FIN a stem morpheme in FINISH and FINAL?

Basically, we cannot define what is and is not a morpheme and this is a problem for any model of lexical processing that has all-or-none morphemic representations.

A lemma representation for words, mediating between form and meaning. An alternative suggestion: Sublexical form units. A lemma representation for words, mediating between form and meaning. Lemma representations for sublexical units depending on the correlation of their form with meaning across different contexts.

Sublexical form units. Taft (1979, 1987, 2001, 2002) claimed that polymorphemic words are represented in terms of their BASIC ORTHOGRAPHIC SYLLABIC STRUCTURE (BOSS). BOSS = Maximization of the coda of the first syllable

SPLEND + ID (not SPLEN + DID) MAT + URE (not MA + TURE) Examples: LAB + EL (not LA + BEL) VIR + US (not VI + RUS) DON + ATE (not DO + NATE) SPLEND + ID (not SPLEN + DID) MAT + URE (not MA + TURE)

A lemma representation for words, mediating between form and meaning. EL label labour SEMANTICS LAB OUR LEMMAS ORTHOGRAPHY

Lemma representations for sublexical units depending on the correlation of their form with meaning across different contexts. So, there is a lemma that captures the correlation between the form unit VIR and the meaning that is consistent across VIRUS and VIRAL.

SEMANTICS vir VIR AL LEMMAS ORTHOGRAPHY viral US virus

Prior presentation of VIRUS Predictions: Prior presentation of VIRUS virus vir VIR US

Prediction: Prior presentation of VIRUS should facilitate lexical decision responses to VIRAL. AL viral vir vir VIR VIR

Prior presentation of LABEL Prediction: Prior presentation of LABEL label LAB EL

Prediction: Prior presentation of LABEL might not facilitate lexical decision responses to LABOUR. labour LAB LAB OUR

Masked priming experiment: VIRAL 50 ms 500 ms virus # # # # #

Semantically related. (+S). Orthographic overlap (+O) Semantically related (+S) Orthographic overlap (+O) Phonological overlap (+P) e.g. virus VIRAL splendid SPLENDOUR donate DONOR captive CAPTURE Semantic relatedness rating (7 pt scale): 5.02 Semantic relatedness rating (7 pt scale): 4.84 Semantically related (+S) Orthographic overlap (+O) No phonological overlap (-P) e.g. final FINISH memento MEMORY stable STABILITY legal LEGISLATE

Compared to control condition: Not semantically related (-S) No orthographic overlap (-O) No phonological overlap (-P) e.g. major VIRAL tangle SPLENDOUR drama FINISH jacket MEMORY

20 words in each condition. Participants divided into 2 groups with half the targets of one condition being primed and half being non-primed for each group. Nonwords preceded either by +O prime or -O prime, which was either a word or a nonword. e.g. family FAMURE guitar DEABIN lomour LOMITY pinible DONESKAN

RTs Significant facilitation 25 22 Significant facilitation No interaction with phonological consistency

% Error Significant facilitation 4.6 2.6 Significant facilitation No interaction with phonological consistency

To check whether the priming arose purely from semantic relatedness: Semantically related (+S) No orthographic overlap (-O) No phonological overlap (-P) e.g. tired FATIGUE pursue FOLLOW compost MANURE tremble SHIVER Semantic relatedness rating (7 pt scale): 5.29

RTs 5 No pure semantic priming

% Error -2.3 No pure semantic priming

Is there any pure orthographic priming?

Not semantically related. (-S). Orthographic overlap (+O) Not semantically related (-S) Orthographic overlap (+O) Phonological overlap (+P) e.g. label LABOUR carnival CARNATION mature MATERIAL total TOTEM Semantic relatedness rating (7 pt scale): 1.70 Semantic relatedness rating (7 pt scale): 1.71 Not semantically related (-S) Orthographic overlap (+O) No phonological overlap (-P) e.g. saliva SALAD radar RADICAL river RIVAL capital CAPABLE

RTs 6 14 No pure orthographic effect

% Error -4.0 -2.0 No pure orthographic effect

% Error primed control

vir VIR AL viral US virus EL label labour LAB OUR

Priming comes from shared semantics BUT… Simpler alternative: VIRUS VIRAL LABEL LABOUR Priming comes from shared semantics BUT…

No pure semantic priming. TIRED FATIGUE

lab el faster to recognize than la bel (at least for better readers) Also, there are experiments showing the BOSS to be a structural unit in the processing of words like LABEL. e.g. Taft (2001, 2001) lab el faster to recognize than la bel (at least for better readers)

CONCLUSIONS Consistency between form and meaning determines the existence of lemmas. When a lemma is clear-cut, it is usually labeled as a “morpheme”, but that decision is arbitrary. Words that share form and meaning are activated via the same lemma. Words that share only form are activated via the same form unit. Phonology is not involved in visual word recognition.

Maybe inhibitory links between competing lemmas: EL label labour SEMANTICS LAB OUR LEMMAS ORTHOGRAPHY

Perhaps: SEMANTICS vir VIR AL LEMMAS ORTHOGRAPHY viral US virus

Prior presentation of VIRUS Predictions: Prior presentation of VIRUS virus vir VIR US

Prior presentation of VIRUS Predictions: Prior presentation of VIRUS virus viral vir VIR US

Prediction: Prior presentation of VIRUS should facilitate lexical decision responses to VIRAL. AL viral viral vir vir VIR VIR

Prior presentation of LABEL Prediction: Prior presentation of LABEL labour label LAB EL

Prediction: Prior presentation of LABEL might not facilitate lexical decision responses to LABOUR. labour LAB LAB OUR