Ethernet Basics Ethernet <> Industrial Ethernet PROFINET < The open standard for Realtime Industrial Ethernet > Ruud Welschen

Ethernet Basics History First Drawing by Bob Metcalfe 1980 Digital, Intel and XEROX (DIX) publish the specification of a network technology called Ethernet I IEEE 802.3 publishes the first standard that contains parts of the DIX procedure in 1982 1984: DIX passes Ethernet II, since Ethernet I and IEEE 802.3 were incompatible Today‘s components are based on IEEE 802.3

Ethernet Basics Ethernet in the ISO / OSI reference model The Ethernet specification encompasses Layers 1 and 2 of the reference model: Data Link Layer: Logical Link Control (LLC) Connection to higher sub-layers Media Access Control MAC) Grouping of the data (into frames) Error checking (CRC) CSMA/CD Physical Layer: Current, voltage Frequency Half/full duplex Physical features (cables, connectors, etc.) Layer 7 Layer 6 Layer 5 Layer 4 Layer 3 Layer 2 Layer 1 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Ethernet Basics Ethernet in the ISO / OSI reference model The TCP/IP specification encompasses Layers 3 and 4 of the reference model: Transport Layer: TCP transport of data Network Layer: IP Find the way trough the net Layer 7 Application Layer 6 Presentation Layer 5 Session Layer 4 Transport Layer 3 Network Layer 2 Data Link Layer 1 Physical

Ethernet Basics Network access procedures CSMA/CD CS - Carrier Sense MA - Multiple Access CD - Collision Detection Collision

Ethernet Basics Network access procedures CSMA/CD CS – Carrier Sense Every node checks to see if the transmission medium is free MA – Multiple Access Every node has equal access to the transmission medium and transmits when the line is identified as free A message frame propagates equally in all directions CD – Collision Detection If two nodes transmit simultaneously, the two message frames collide In physical terms, this means an increase in voltage caused by overlap of the two frames All nodes register this collision The transmitter immediately aborts by destroying the frame Access begins again after a statistical waiting time

Ethernet Basics CSMA/CD consequences Collision This is provided for in the procedure and therefore not a fault Reduces the effective data throughput When do collisions cause faults? If too many nodes are on the network If the nodes send too many packets or packets that are too long Marginal conditions for the functioning of CSMA/CD A message frame propagates evenly across the entire network Since the transmitting node has to invalidate the frame following a collision, the packet must not be transmitted fully when a collision occurs. Minimum length for a message frame: 51.2 ms This results in the following length for the shortest Ethernet message frame: 51.2ms at 10 Mbit/s = 512 bits = 64 bytes Restricted expansion: collision domain

Ethernet Basics Collision domain The collision domain describes the range of expansion in the network within which the CSMA/CD access procedure functions securely. is an area in which all nodes share the performance of the network has 1024 nodes Decisive factors Propagation speed of the signal (approximately 5ns/km) Length of the shortest message frame (64 bytes) Maximum expansion (e.g. 4520m at 10 Mbit/s) Actually achievable network expansion depends on The medium used Type of active components (delays in throughput) Network configuration Observance of signal runtime Observance of rules

Ethernet Basics 10 Mbit/s Ethernet 10Base5 Thick coax 10Base2 Thin coax 10Base-T Twisted-pair 10Base-F Fiber optic Ethernet Medium Access Control (MAC) Nomenclature 10 Base x Data rate 10 Mbit/s Signaling Baseband transmission Medium/length 5 – 500 meters 2 – 185 meters T – twisted-pair F – fiber optic

Ethernet Basics Structuring of networks with repeaters Collision domain Segment A 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Repeater Transmission medium Segment B Expansion: 4.5km 1) Number of stations: 1024 Access procedure: CSMA/CD 1) In the 10 Mbit/s network

Ethernet Basics Structuring of networks with repeaters Functions of a repeater: Regeneration of the pulse edges Isolation of faulty segments Relaying of collisions Nominal data rate applies for the entire network Hub Synonym for a multiport repeater SIMATIC NET components Repeaters IE OLM / ELM

Ethernet Basics Structuring of networks with bridges Collision domain Collision domain Segment A Segment B 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Bridge Transmission medium Transmission medium Expansion: 4.5km 1) Number of stations: 1024 Access procedure: CSMA/CD 1) In the 10 Mbit/s network

Ethernet Basics Structuring of networks with bridges Load decoupling: restriction of local traffic (transport decision based on the MAC address) Filtering: faults limited to collision domain Invalid packets (FCS error, frame length) are rejected Propagation of number of stations and expansion Redundancy through Spanning Tree protocol Nominal data rate at every port making parallel communication relationships possible Address table per port, self-learning Protocol-transparent subnet coupling (IP, IPX, NetBIOS, DECnet, SNA, XNS, Appletalk ...)

Ethernet Basics Increasing use of Ethernet Soft-Logic Soft Logic Machine Database: storage, spare parts Manuals, drawings, videos Access OPC Web server S7-300 Link S7-400 PROFIBUS Video conferencing, Web phone, Web TV A&D Web server Internet

Ethernet Basics 3 routes to increased performance on the network Switching for parallel communication Full duplex for increasing data throughput 100 Mbit/s for high-speed transport of the data

Ethernet Basics Why 100 Mbit/s ? Dt t The 100 Mbit/s network The 10 Mbit/s network High bandwidth guaranteed Non-lag data traffic even in bursts of data traffic activity (e.g. from workstation/server) Increased data throughput in the network Clean network: invalid data packages are minimized 100 Mbit/s - The Big Pipe!

Ethernet Basics Fast Ethernet – 100 Mbit/s Ethernet Ethernet Medium Access Control (MAC) 100BaseTX Twisted-pair 100BaseT4 Twisted-pair 100Base-FX Fiber optic Nomenclature 100 Base xx Data rate 100 Mbit/s Signaling Base band transmission Medium T4 – Twisted-pair with 4 pairs of cores TX – Twisted-pair with 2 pairs of cores FX – Fiber optic

Industrial Ethernet Ethernet/Fast Ethernet comparison Ethernet/Fast Ethernet differences Network span of a hub-based Fast Ethernet is significantly smaller Ethernet: 4520m Fast Ethernet: 412m No Fast Ethernet specification for coaxial cables Different configuration rules (e.g. fewer repeaters/hubs permitted)

Ethernet Basics Ethernet/Fast Ethernet in comparison Ethernet/Fast Ethernet similarity same frame format same medium access method CSMA/CD same cables (twisted-pair and fiber optic) easy migration to higher performance existing Ethernet knowledge can still be used wide acceptance of Fast Ethernet

Ethernet Basics Autonegotiation/autosensing Automatic calculation of the data rate (10 or 100 Mbit/s) Unification of other features (e.g. duplex mode) according to priorities (best shared performance) Connection only if compatible  Base for simple migration of Ethernet to Fast Ethernet

Ethernet Basics Bridge/switch Multiport-bridge Switch CPU RAM CPU RAM RAM CPU  Differences in the internal architecture have decisive influence on performance

Ethernet Basics Parallel networking v e r Segment B Switch Segment C Segment A

Ethernet Basics Switching procedures Cut-through switching Transport decision is made as soon as the target address is read in, so extremely fast (typically 40 usec) Invalid frames are not filtered (not till the terminal devices) Store & forward switching Data packets first stored temporarily then switched Storing enables filtering of invalid frames or broadcasts -> clean networks

Ethernet Basics Switches by SIMATIC NET ELS TP40, ELS TP40M ELS TP80 ESM ITP80 ESM TP80, ESM TP40 OSM ITP80 OSM TP62, OSM TP22 OSM BC08

Ethernet Basics Shared LAN/switched LAN Segment A Segment B Segment C Segment D LAN Segment A Segment B Segment C Segment D Data traffic Switched LAN Each individual segment has the full performance/data rate Simultaneous data traffic in several segments; several message frames Filtering: Local data traffic remains local; only selected data packets cross segment boundaries Shared LAN All nodes on the network share network performance/data rate All data packets go through all segments Only one message frame on the network at any one time Collisions reduce the efficiency of the network to approximately 40%

Ethernet Basics Half duplex/full duplex The nodes either send or receive data at any one time, e.g. classic walkie-talkie radio Full duplex: The nodes can send and receive data simultaneously, e.g. classic telephony Requirement for full duplex Medium with separate send and receive lines: fiber optic or twisted-pair (not coax) Nodes can store data packets temporarily Collision-free operation

Ethernet Basics Full-duplex Ethernet switching  Full-duplex switching greatly increases data throughput in the network AUT931B/kgl/606/ethernet.

Ethernet Basics Full duplex and parallel networking 100 Mbit/s 10 Mbit/s Parallel networking: Several frames simultaneously Full duplex: Send and receive data simultaneously

Industrial Ethernet Increase in performance 4Mbit/s 10Mbit/s 20Mbit/s 40Mbit/s 100Mbit/s switched full duplex shared *) Data throughput Network technology 200Mbit/s *) Effective data throughput because of collisions

Ethernet Basics Fast Ethernet full-duplex switching Switching Technology makes using Fast Ethernet really simple: easy configuration (no calculation of signal propagation time) plug & play more attachable devices on the network increasing network span increasing performance

Ethernet Basics Structuring of networks with routers IP subnet IP subnet Collision domain Collision domain Collision domain Collision domain Segment A Segment B Segment C Segment D 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 Router 3 3 2 Bridge 2 2 Bridge 2 1 1 1 1 Transmission medium Transmission medium Transmission medium Transmission medium

Ethernet Basics Structuring of networks with routers Coupling of subnets with identical protocols at the network level (terminal device requires an IP address) Transport decision on Layer 3 (network address), Finding the optimal connection between two subnets Coupling via WAN Requirements: use of "routable" protocols (active Layer 3; ISO protocol is not routable) Hierarchical structures possible through logical subnet formation Layer 3 switch An extremely fast router thanks to hardware support

Ethernet Basics Coupling of networks with gateways Protocol conversion Network 1 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Transmission medium Network 2 Gateway

Ethernet Basics Even more performance? 1000 Mbit/s Ethernet: Gigabit Ethernet Expansion of the collision domains shrinks in comparison with Fast Ethernet by a factor of 10 (approximately 40m) Gigabit Ethernet can only be operated as a switched network

Ethernet Basics Gigabit Ethernet Ethernet Medium Access Control (MAC) 1000BaseT Twisted-pair 1000Base-CX Coax 1000Base-SX Fiber optic 1000Base-LX Fiber optic Nomenclature 1000 Base xx Data rate 1000 Mbit/s Signalising Baseband transmission Medium T – Twisted-pair C – Coaxial cable S – Fiber optic short wave L – Fiber optic long wave

Ethernet Basics What is Industrial Ethernet? Basic idea Industrial Ethernet components are based on the familiar IEEE Standards Supplementation of special features that are especially important for industrial communication Designed for Industry Components have been designed for harsh industrial operation  Industrial Ethernet takes account of the differences in marginal conditions between industrial environments and the office world

Ethernet Basics Differences between office/industrial networks Feature Industry Office Availability Extremely high requirements Mid-range requirements Network downtimes < 500 ms Network downtimes in the required to avoid plant seconds to minutes range standstills acceptable Response Guaranteed response times Best-possible r. w/o guarantee times (already commenced low-priority transfer is completed before processing of a higher priority) Installation By plant commissioning By specialist network personnel personnel (semi-skilled personnel) Network Component part of plant By trained specialists monitoring monitoring (network administrators) Demands placed on Ethernet differ for industrial and office applications Make clear by comparing the various features in the table

Ethernet Basics Differences between office/industrial networks Feature Industry Office Used in Local control cabinet Separate floor distribution boxes Planning and building measures for network infrastructure DIN rail installation 19” assembly 24 V supply 110 / 230 V supply 0-60°C ambient temperature 0-45°C Some vibration load Device Low, switches with High, switches with density fewer ports high number of ports Topology Linear cabling Star cabling (optional ring) with higher- Structured level plant bus and control Floor, building, company site room Network Low number High number modifi- Direct connection between Wide-area infrastructure cabling cations switches and terminal devices with patch panels and connection sockets Demands placed on Ethernet differ for industrial and office applications Make clear by comparing the various features in the table

Clearly structured network topologies with Ethernet Office (EN 50173) Industry SDB SDB Site BDB BDB BDB BDB Building FDB FDB FDB FDB FDB Floor, hall MDB MDB DTE DTE DTE DTE SDB = Site distriution board FDB = Floor distribution board BDB = Building distribution board MDB = Machine distribution board DTE = Data terminal

Ethernet in automation Line topology in production hall Industrial networking – Line topology at cell and field level SDB BDB Primary cabling BDB Production hall Secondary cabling MDB Tertiary cabling MDB Tertiary cabling MDB Tertiary cabling SDB = Site distribution board, BDB = Building distribution board; MDB = Machine distribution board Distribution boards are designed as switches or routers in full-duplex mode

ELS TP 40 Electrical lean switch voor Ethernet Overzicht Jargon 4-poort IE switch, met 2 integrale FastConnect aansluitelementen voor 2 poorten. (Automatische crossing) Realisatie van low-cost Ethernet lineaire bus topologie met 4-draads FastConnect twisted-pair kabel. Tot 100 meter per segement. Aansluiten tot 2 data terminal devices of een data terminal device met een programmeerapparaat d.m.v. RJ45 poorten. Alle poorten geschikt 10/100 Mbit/s autosensing/autonegotiation. ELS voeding via externe voeding. Configuratie Mobic Ethernet I/O

Lineaire topologie met de ELS TP40 Overzicht Verbinden van terminal devices of PG met TP kabel tot 10 m. Jargon Schakelkast Configuratie PG koppeling Mobic Ethernet I/O OSM TP40 Fiber- optic LAN 24V DC 24V DC IE FC TP kabel tot 100 m, aan te sluiten d.m.v. Isolatie-doordringingselement

Industrial Ethernet Designed for Industry Rugged full-metal housing Module design for DIN-rail mounting, Especially resistant to vibration Impervious to EMI Guarantees reliable data traffic even in environments subject to electromagnetic interference Permanently secure connections Sub-D for Industrial twisted-pair RJ45 full-metal connectors with additional interlocking BFOC for fiber optic

Industrial Ethernet Designed for Industry Diagnostics LEDs (link status, power, collisions, data) Signal contact Simple, low-cost monitoring and function control of the INCs via a digital signal contact Integration of signals from the network into any available HMI system (e.g. Win CC) No special monitoring software required No separate network management station required No special training required SNMP OPC server Web based management SNMP RMON

Industrial Ethernet Designed for Industry Wide temperature range 00C to 60°C Network topologies Linear bus, star, tree Redundant electrical/optical ring High level of availability High-speed media redundancy in millisecond range in electrical/optical ring topologies (ESM/OSM) Redundant power supply: safe low voltage 2 x 24 V DC for ELS, ESM, OSM

Industrial Ethernet Designed for Industry Spanning tree algorithm (IEEE 802.1d) High-speed redundancy SIMATIC NET 12 12 9 3 9 3 6 6 Network reconfiguration > 30 seconds Network reconfiguration < 0.3 seconds

High-speed redundancy for industrial communications Conventional procedure Spanning Tree algorithm for organization of any meshed networks is specified in IEEE 802.1d Control of redundancy with Spanning Tree algorithm takes several seconds (typically approximately 30 – 60 seconds) Rapid Spanning Tree is limited to 7 switches and achieves reconfiguration times of around 2 secs. Spanning Tree algorithm is not suitable for industrial networks High-speed redundancy by SIMATIC NET Design of redundant networks in ring topology with switches Reconfiguration of the redundant ring in 0.3 seconds, on a ring comprising 50 ESMs/OSMs Control of high-speed redundancy with special RM (redundancy manager) functionality RM function contained in every ESM/OSM

Customer benefits with Industrial Ethernet Plug & Play: simple network configuration and network expansion Almost unlimited network expansion: 150 km and more! Highly available networks: Fast media redundancy even for large networks (switch over time < 0.3 s) Easy migration and investment protection: Powerful communication can be integrated and expanded step by step to meet customer requirements: already existing know-how can still be used existing TP and FO cabling can still be used already existing networks/data terminals can be linked with 10 Mbit/s or 100 Mbit/s as required Higher network performance: 100Mbit/s, load separation and full duplex Products “Designed for Industry” Network supervising and diagnosis on different levels Field-proven system solutions by SIMATIC NET: network components, CPs and software interact smoothly

user interface on a view

Industrial Communication CP343-1Lean Preisgünstiger Ethernet Anschluss für SIMATIC S7 300 Einfachbreite Baugruppe spart Einbauplatz im Rack und im Schaltschrank. Für PG-Betrieb sofort Einsatzbereit, da Vergabe der IP-Adresse direkt aus der Projektierung (DCP Protokoll lt. PROFINET Spezifikation V2). Baugruppentausch ohne PG durch Configuration-Plug CP443-1 Advanced Aufbau kleiner lokaler Netzwerke über integrierten 4-Port Switch Zugriff auf Prozessinformationen mit Standard-Webbrowser Einfache webbasierte Diagnose auch ohne STEP 7 Einfache universelle Kopplung über FTP Filesystem als preisgünstiger Massenspeicher Übertragung von ereignisgesteuerten Meldungen mit E-Mail Baugruppentausch ohne PG durch Configuration-Plug

PROFINET IE/PB Link PN IO Softnet PN IO Proxy-Funktionalität Investitionsschutz durch Anbindung von PROFIBUS Slaves an PROFINET IO S7-Routing für PG/OP-Kommunikation Netzübergang als DP-Master Klasse 2 / Vertikale Integration Softnet PN IO Software für PROFINET IO-Controller mit OPC-Server und NCM PC Systemanschlüsse für SIMATIC S7 CP 343-1 und CP 443-1 Advanced mit PROFINET IO und PROFINET CBA Funktionalität SCALANCE X 200 Industrielle Switches optimiert für den Einsatz mit PROFINET Einfache Diagnose und Administration durch Integration in die SIMATIC Engineering Tools

Praktijk Overzicht Jargon Configuratie Mobic Ethernet I/O

FastConnect RJ45 plug 180/90 Simple connection technique (insulation displacement contacts) for 4-core copper twisted-pair installation cables (100 Mbit/s) Failsafe connections thanks to good view of connection area Industrialized design (rugged metal housing, no loose parts) Good EMI shielding and dispersion (metal housing) Integral strain relief for installation cables Additional strain relief of the plug connector possible on the housing

FastConnect RJ45 Plug 180/90 5 1 3 2 4 PREPARE WIRE BY STRIPPING ACCORDING INSTRUCTION SHEET WITH STRIPPING TOOL AND OPEN PLUG. 1 CLOSE UPPER SHIELDING COVER. PRESS UPPER AND LOWER SHIELDING COVER TOWARDS EACH OTHER 4 SHIELDING COVER LOCK PLUG AND ACTIVATE STRAIN RELIEF BY TURNING LOCKING DEVICE 180° USING SCREW DRIVER OR SPANNER 5 2 INSERT WIRE TOWARDS STOPPING POSITION. POSITION TERMINATE WIRE BY PRESSING DOWN PIVOT COVER. 3

Industrial Ethernet FastConnect modular outlet Category 6 of the international cabling standards ISO/IEC 11801 and EN 50173 RJ45 outlet for gigabit Ethernet

Industrial Ethernet FastConnect Modular Outlet

Industrial Ethernet FastConnect Modular Outlet

Industrial Ethernet FastConnect Modular Outlet

Industrial Ethernet FastConnect Modular Outlet Systemkonfiguration mit FC Modular Outlet 100 Mbit/s und 1000 Mbit/s

PROFINET Data IO Motion Safety Process PROFINET - The Industrial Ethernet standard for automation Data IO Motion Safety Process

PROFINET – the solution! PROFINET is the open Industrial Ethernet standard for Automation PROFINET is based on Industrial Ethernet PROFINET utilizes TCP/IP and IT-Standards PROFINET is Real-Time Ethernet PROFINET allows seamless integration of fieldbus systems

Distributed Field Devices Process Real-time communication Safety IT-Standards & Security Distributed field devices PROFINET Network Installation Motion Control Distri- buted Automation

Real-Time Communication Uniform communication und quick reaction times Simultaneous real-time and IT-service on one cable Scaleable real-time communication from non-critical time applications up to high performance applications Unlimited TCP/IP communication Internet Factory Automation Motion Control PROFINET 100ms 10ms <1ms IT-services TCP/IP Process data Real-Time

real-time communication with PROFINET Ethernet TCP Real-time PROFInet applications 1 IT appli- cations e.g. HTTP SNMP DHCP... 2 Open Channel for TCP/UDP/IP Device parameterisation and configuration Reading of diagnostics data Negotiation of the communication channel for user data Real Time Channel for SRT High-performance cyclic data transmission Event-controlled signals Standard data Real-time data IP SRT Other competitor systems have chosen an optimized UDP stack for real-time applications. However, this solution goes outside the UDP standard without being able to decisively reduce the tremendously large program stack. Our PROFInet solution, however, is a slimmed-down solution based on PROFInet's own performance capability which builds directly on Layer 2. This approach creates an integrated solution with the performance capabilities needed for both production automation and motion control.

Configuration in STEP7 Same configuration view for PROFIBUS and PROFINET STEP7 / HW-Config GSDML GSD + XML = GSDML Quick start in PROFINET through the use of existing user know-how

PROFIBUS  PROFINET Configuring/programming Hardware Same user views for IOs Hardware configuring Diagnostics Program creation Hardware Same IO modules alternatively behind PROFIBUS PROFINET PROFIBUS devices are transparent behind the IE/PB link on PROFINET Same user handling, that is, existing knowledge/experience can be used Existing investment can be integrated

Scalance X 108 Scalance X 108 8-port switch with diagnostics via LED Establishment of low-cost copper star topologies Connection of up to 8 terminal devices via RJ45 sockets Rugged IP20 metal housing for direct wall or DIN rail mounting Redundant voltage supply Integral signal contact S7 300 design concept

Network management through SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) Manager Polling MIB Management Information Base Traps signal events Diagnostics and parameter assignment as well Trap MIB MIB Event-controlled through agent Agent

Industrial Wireless LAN SCALANCE W Zuverlässig durch Redundanzfunktion und Datenratenreservierung Sicher durch neueste Verschlüsselungsstandards Industriegerecht durch robustes Gehäusedesign (IP 65) Outdoorfähig durch Temperaturbereich von –20°C bis +60°C selbst bei Betauung

How does OPC work? OPC Client OPC OPC Server OPC Initiates OPC communications Read-write requests OPC Communications based on COM/DCOM (extensions for XML in preparation) Data: single or in groups OPC Server Executes client requests Cyclically/change-driven Makes own data available OPC Server OPC OPC Client

Extending beyond one computer OPC communication Extending beyond one application OPC Server OPC Client Computer network Within an application Extending beyond one computer W A N

SIMATIC products with OPC SIMATIC NET OPC Manager MS Office OPC Clients ProTool/Pro or WinCC OPC Client SIMATIC NET Communication OPC Server DP Protocol S7 Functions SIMATIC PC-based Control OPC Server WinAC OPC Server ProTool/Pro or WinCC OPC-Client SIMATIC HMI

SIMATIC NET - OPC Server (1) OPC Manager ProTool/Pro or WinCC OPC Client MS Office OPC Clients PC Windows NT, 2000 DP-OPC Server DP Protocol S7-OPC Server S7 Functions PROFIBUS Industrial Ethernet ET 200* SIMATIC S7 SIMATIC S5* SIMATIC S7 * DP only

Thanks for your attention. Ruud Welschen