Mark Scheme You will be awarded grades based on your investigation skills within Geography. Merits will also be available for the most detailed and colourful powerpoint slides.

Investigation skills IN geography LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5 LEVEL 6 LEVEL 7 They ask and suggest responses to a range of simple questions They suggest relevant questions They ask relevant questions and suggest sequences of enquiry They identify relevant geographical questions & establish sequences for their investigations With growing independence they implement effective sequences of questions and select their own methods for investigations They observe, collect and record information indoors and outdoors They observe, collect, measure and record relevant data, in and out of doors They collect, accurately measure and record relevant data from different resources They select, collect, measure and record relevant data, from a range of sources including fieldwork. They collect, measure and record accurately more complex data. They find some answers to their investigation questions They organise information to present straight forward conclusions to their investigations They use evidence and draw plausible conclusions from their investigation They analyse information to provide logical explanations and present conclusions which are consistent with the evidence. They analyse evidence to construct and justify valid explanations and substantiated conclusions. Investigation skills IN geography

BBC Website Special Report IMAGES of China earthquake Video – One Year Anniversary

The Sichuan Earthquake, China

Details of the Earthquake On the afternoon of May 12, 2008, a 7.9-magnitude earthquake hit Sichuan Province, a mountainous region in Western China, killing about 70,000 people and leaving over 18,000 missing. Over 15 million people lived in the affected area, including almost 4 million in the city of Chengdu. Since the Tangshan earthquake in 1976, which killed over 240,000 people, China has required that new structures withstand major quakes. But the collapse of schools, hospitals and factories in several different areas around Sichuan has raised questions about how rigorously such codes have been enforced during China's recent, epic building boom. This is where the earthquake happened .

Richter Approximate Magnitude Approximate TNT for Seismic Energy Yield Joule equivalent Example 5.0 31.6 kilotons 134.4 TJ Nagasaki atomic bomb (actual seismic yield was negligible since it detonated in the atmosphere) Lincolnshire earthquake (UK), 2008 5.5 178 kilotons 747.6 TJ Little Skull Mtn. earthquake (NV, USA), 1992 Alum Rock earthquake (CA, USA), 2007 2008 Chino Hills earthquake (Los Angeles, USA) 6.0 1 megaton 4.18 PJ Double Spring Flat earthquake (NV, USA), 1994 6.5 5.6 megatons 23.5 PJ Caracas (Venezuela), 1967 Rhodes (Greece), 2008 Eureka Earthquake (Humboldt County CA, USA), 2010 6.7 11.2 megatons 46.9 PJ Northridge earthquake (CA, USA), 1994 6.9 22.4 megatons 93.7 PJ San Francisco Bay Area earthquake (CA, USA), 1989 7.0 31.6 megatons 132.3 PJ Java earthquake (Indonesia), 2009 2010 Haiti Earthquake 7.1 44.7 megatons 186.9 PJ Energy released is equivalent to that of Tsar Bomba (50 megatons, 210 PJ), the largest thermonuclear weapon ever tested 1944 San Juan earthquake 7.5 178 megatons 744.0 PJ 7.8 501 megatons 2.10 EJ 8.0 1 gigaton 4.18 EJ 1894 San Juan earthquake 8.5 5.6 gigatons 23.5 EJ Toba eruption75,000 years ago; the largest known volcanic event Sumatra earthquake (Indonesia), 2007 8.8 15.8 gigatons 66.3 EJ Chile earthquake, 2010 9.0 31.6 gigatons 132.3 EJ Lisbon Earthquake (Lisbon, Portugal), All Saints Day, 1755 9.2 63.1 gigatons 264.0 EJ Anchorage earthquake (AK, USA), 1964 9.3 89.1 gigatons 372.9 EJ Indian Ocean earthquake, 2004 9.5 178 gigatons 744.0 EJ Valdivia earthquake (Chile), 1960 10.0 1 teraton 4.18 ZJ Never recorded by humans 13.0 108 megatons 372.9 ZJ Yucatán Peninsula impact (causing Chicxulub crater) 65 Ma ago (108 megatons = 100 teratons; almost 5x1030 ergs = 500 ZJ)

The Causes of the Earthquake The energy source of the Wenchuan earthquake and Longmenshan's southeast push came from the strike of the Indian Plate onto the Eurasian Plate and its northward push. The inter-plate relative motion caused large scale structural deformation inside the Asian continent, resulting in a thinning crust of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the uplift of its landscape and an eastward extrude. Near the Sichuan basin, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau's east-northward movement meets with strong resistance from the South China Block, causing a high degree of stress accumulation in the Longmenshan thrust formation. This finally caused a sudden dislocation in the Yingxiu-Beichuan fracture, leading to the violent earthquake of Ms 8.0." 33 Add map

The Social Effects It separate families and friends. People moved away because they were physiological damaged. Friends and family died. No school

Physical Effects The older buildings and smaller residential properties performed far less well - there are large areas in which the structures have collapsed completely. Note the shut up shops on the far side of the tower. In fact, this central part of the settlement has been totally abandoned and is now like a ghost town with just a few people passing through on their way to somewhere else. The newer buildings mostly remained standing but have been so badly damaged that they are not usable. They have been stripped bare and the windows have been removed.

Economic Effects A month before the anniversary, China said it would spend an extra 8 billion yuan ($1.17 billion) on making schools in earthquake-prone areas safer.

Human Responses No school , no food. Friends and family died , no house.

Solutions to Earthquakes Nothing can be done to prevent them as they occur naturally. But their effects can be reduced Emergency Preparedness Plans : There are several preventative measures that people can take within their homes and at the office to reduce risk. Earthquake education and preparedness plans can help significantly reduce death and injury caused by earthquakes. People can take several preventative measures within their homes and at the office to reduce risk. Supports and bracing for shelves reduce the likelihood of items falling and potentially causing harm. Maintaining an earthquake survival kit in the home and at the office is also an important part of being prepared. In the home, earthquake preparedness includes maintaining an earthquake kit and making sure that the house is structurally stable. The local chapter of the American Red Cross is a good source of information for how to assemble an earthquake kit. During an earthquake, people indoors should protect themselves from falling objects and flying glass by taking refuge under a heavy table. After an earthquake, people should move outside of buildings, assemble in open spaces, and prepare themselves for aftershocks. They should also listen for emergency bulletins on the radio, stay out of severely damaged buildings, and avoid coastal areas in the event of a tsunami.

Other Interesting Info regarding Earthquakes The most recent earthquake was in Indonesia, 24 april 2010 The most powerful earthquake was in Yucatán Peninsula The most devestating earthquake of all time was in chile in china Earthquakes in Lincolnshire earthquake (UK), 2008 When an earthquake happens it is cause on plates moving, so some parts on the sea have that same plate and it allows energy to go thought the water and it will create a tsunami, it will either die down, or it will hit land.

Useful Weblinks Seismic Scale Earthquake Locator Most Recent Earthquake Locations Chile Earthquake Why do earthquakes happen?

Games to finish! Click on the links below to try your hand at protecting San Francisco from an earthquake: New Bridge Bay Build an earthquake proof city Earthquake Interactive Activity Quake Quiz Emergency!