DAMAGE CONTROL SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT

Learning Objectives Know the procedures, objectives and priorities in combating the progressive deterioration from fire and underwater hull damage Know the four classes of fire and the fire fighting agents, equipment, and procedures to extinguish each class Know the use of equipment, materieals, and procedures for countering progressive flooding and structural deterioration

Learning Objectives (cont.) Know the principles of operation of the fire main system Know the procedures for donning and proper operation of an Oxygen Breathing Apparatus (OBA), Emergency Egress Breathing Devise (EEBD), Supplementary Emergency Escape Devise (SEED), and Standard Navy Gas Mask MCU-2P

Elements of fire tetrahedron Fuel Heat Oxygen Free radicals (Chemical reaction)

Fuel When a fire runs out of fuel it will stop. Fuel can be removed naturally, as where the fire has consumed all the burnable fuel, or manually, by mechanically or chemically removing the fuel from the fire. Examples: Paper, wood, oils/gas, wires, textiles/cloth, metal

Heat Temperature needed to exceed flash point: sparks, short circuit, matches, friction Without sufficient heat, a fire cannot begin, and it cannot continue. Heat can be removed by dousing some types of fire with water; the water turns to steam, taking the heat with it. DOES NOT WORK WITH ALL FIRES!

Oxygen Allows combustion to take place Oxygen may be removed from a fire by smothering it with an aqueous foam, or some inert gas (e.g., carbon dioxide, Halon), dry chemicals, or enclosing it where the fire will quickly use up all of the available oxygen.aqueous foaminert gascarbon dioxide Halon

Chemical Reaction Free Radicals Chemistry of Combustion − other specialized chemicals must be used to break the chain reaction of metallic combustion and stop the fire. − Lithium, Magnesium What happens if you add water to these types of fires?

Flare of Magnesium Powder w/ water

Classes of Fire Class A − Wood, paper, people − Leaves an ash − Fairly simple to fight and contain - by simply removing the heat or oxygen (or in some cases fuel), the fire triangle collapses and the fire dies out.

Class B − Combustible fuels, hydrocarbons, solvents − More difficult to combat – water may spread fire − Chemical retardant, carbon dioxide fire extinguisher, protein based foam

Class C − Electrical − Difficulties in combating Water – electrical shock − Protein foam to remove oxygen − Turn off power supply (  Class A)

Class D − Metal fires such as sodium, titanium, magnesium, potassium, uranium, lithium − Difficult to combat - Water and other common firefighting materials can excite metal fires and make them worse

Firemain System Receives water pumped from ocean Types of systems: − Single main – small ships − Horizontal Loop − Vertical Loop − Composite versions Primary purpose – FIRE FIGHTING Other uses: flushing, auxiliary machinery cooling, water washdown

Single Main Extends longitudinally near the centerline of ship Pumps discharge into risers then into main Main supplies fireplugs & other services Usually found on FF’s and DDG’s

Horizontal Loop 2 Single Mains on DC Deck Minimizes damage Cross-connected to form series of horizontal loops

Vertical Loop 2 Single Mains Installed in oblique plane Mains are cross-connected to form series of loops

Composite 2 or 3 service mains on DC deck By-pass main installed at lower level near C/L Cross-connects installed alternately between service mains & by-pass main

Fire Station Fireplug Quick cleaning strainer All-purpose nozzle Vari-nozzle Hoses

Extinguishing Agents Water − Firemain system − Sprinkler system AFFF (Aqueous film-forming foam) − 94% water / 6% foam mix − Excludes oxygen from the surface of the fuel − Extremely corrosive

Extinguishing Agents Potassium bicarbonate (PKP) − Breaks combustion chain − Does not have cooling capability − May cause violent reaction in combustible metals − Non-toxic, however can cause breathing difficulty

Extinguishing Agents Halon 1301 system − Colorless, odorless gas when release − Density ~ 5X that of air − Decomposed on contact w/ heat − Used in flooding systems − At concentrations needed to extinguish fire, dizziness and reduced dexterity

What type of extinguishing agent would you use? Class A Fire − Water − Any Class B Fire − AFFF − PKP − Twin agent (AFFF/PKP) − Halon 1301

Extinguishing agent for this fire? Class C Fire − CO2 − Fog − PKP Class D Fire − Solid stream, fog or jettison

Flooding Progressive Flooding − Partial flooding that can continue through small holes, cracks, loose rivets, etc − If continues, ship will lose buoyancy and list Flooding Boundaries − Bulkheads and decks restricting partially flooded areas − If become completely flooded, boundaries may not hold and must be INSPECTED

Dewatering Priorities Effective allocation of resources − What if damage is too severe? Stability − Loss of stability… Flooding effect diagram

Causes of Flooding Damage inflicted from external sources − Mines, torpedoes, bombs, running aground etc. Fire fighting efforts Acute or chronic leakage Broken firemain or other piping system

Flood Control P-250 pump − gas operated portable pump Electric submersible pump − lighter than P-250 − submersible − can not be used for combustible liquids Eductors − Increases rate of removal − Contaminated water

Repair of Structural Damage Shoring − Used to support ruptured decks, strengthen weakened bulkheads and decks, etc. Types of shoring materials − Shore-portable beam − Wedge-triangular block − Strong back − Patches Better to shore more than necessary than to risk structural failure

Supplemental Air Oxygen Breathing Apparatus (OBA) − Self contained O2 source − 1930s technology − Phase-out began in 2001

Supplemental Air Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) − Provides air for breathing while firefighter is in a fire or other hazardous environment − Better range of motion

Emergency Egress Breathing Device (EEBD) − Donning – 10 sec − Provides Oxygen minutes − Operating Temp: 10°F – 149°F Supplemental Air

Supplementary Emergency Escape Device (SEED) − Worn on belt − 1.5 – 3 min of Oxygen − HEED (Helicopter)

Gas Masks / CBR Attacks Standard Navy Gas Mask MCU-2P − Replace canister after blood agent attack − Canister good for 30 days following all other chemical threat agents − Training canister labeled w/ white stripe (open for 60 days)

Safety during DC operations Electric shock hazard if water is used on class C fire Exploding ordnance or fuels during fires Splattering hot metal with class D fire Being overcome by CO2 Extremely cold temperatures with CO2 extinguishers Heat Stress conditions Smoke/Toxic fume inhalation

QUESTIONS?

Wednesday, Nov 29 − Questions for panel Friday, Dec 1 − Review Monday, Dec 4 − Questions/Review Wednesday, Dec 6 − Final Exam − Bring Books!!! MUST TURN IN BOOKS