Pork Industry Environmental Sustainability Program Allan Stokes Director Environmental Programs

Sustainability Merriam Webster – ”of, relating to, or being a method of harvesting or using a resource so that the resource is not depleted or permanently damaged “ U.S. EPA Website – “The traditional definition of sustainability calls for policies and strategies that meet society’s present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. ” n2n2

Four Pillars of Pork Industry Environmental Sustainability Program Pork Industry Environmental Sustainability Program Air Footprint Carbon Footprint Water Footprint Land Footprint n3n3

Pork Industry Environmental Sustainability Program Carbon Footprint / Energy Use – – Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions Carbon Dioxide, Nitrous Oxide, Methane Water Footprint – Water use & consumption / water quality impacts Air Footprint – Non-greenhouse gas air emissions National Air Emissions Monitoring Study NAEMS) – 2007 – Completed Process-based Air Emissions Model for Swine – Land Footprint – 2013 n4n4

Pork Industry Environmental Sustainability Program - Why Doing What’s Right – Produce Safe Food – Protect And Promote Animal Well-Being – Ensure Practices to Protect Public Health – Safeguard Natural Resources In All Of Their Practices – Provide A Work Environment That Is Safe – Contribute To A Better Quality Of Life In Their Communities n5n5

Pork Industry Environmental Sustainability Program - Why Addressing a Changing Marketplace – Consumers increasingly removed from agriculture – Consumers want more information about their food & environmental impacts – Increasing pressure from interest groups & media – Need to build & maintain trust n6n6

Pork Industry Environmental Sustainability Program - Why Benefits to Producers – Model to define facility footprint, analyze “hotspots” & options & Evaluate different technology & practices for impacts – Improved management efficiency – Reduced input costs – Potential new revenue sources Measure Industry Progress n7n7

Pork Industry Environmental Sustainability Program - Why Identify Areas For Further Industry Progress – Research – Education & Outreach Provide Sound Science-based Information To – Meet customer / consumer expectations & requirements – Answer / preempt attacks by interest groups – Support dialogue on issues n8n8

Pork Industry Environmental Sustainability Program - How Literature Review / Meta-Analysis – What is already known as it relates to pork Scan Life-cycle Analysis (LCA) - Pork Chain – Across entire pork chain “field to fork” – Low resolution – high aggregation of data Detailed Life-cycle Analysis - Live Swine – Focus on swine production segment of pork chain – High resolution – low aggregation of data – “Field to farm gate” n9n9

Pork Industry Environmental Sustainability Program - How Life Cycle Analysis A system level accounting associated with a product, service or activity (life-style) that includes extraction from nature & contributions from other associated products or services. An analytical tool for making calculations. –Following methods & processes outlined by International Standards Organization (ISO) guidance –Open sources of data used to fullest extent possible –Open & transparent process –Independent peer review panel consistent with ISO guidance n 10

Pork Industry Environmental Sustainability Program - How Life Cycle Analysis – 4 Phases Attributes or characteristics of product or process Environmental effects of product or process n 11

Pork Industry Environmental Sustainability Program - How Pork Industry LCA - Goal & Scope – Goal – Pork Supply Chain Scan Level LCA based on - 1 serving of pork (4 ounce) to consumer in U.S. – Detailed Live Swine Production LCA based on – 1 pound live weight sent to harvest – Scope – Field to Finished Product Exclude infrastructure (buildings/equipment/etc.) n 12

Life Cycle Analysis Inventory Releases to environment Extractions from environment InputsOutputs An accounting of inputs and outputs for all stages of a product n 13

Life Cycle Analysis Inventry Allocation of contribution – Economic allocation Feed byproducts Rendering co-products – Space allocation Retail In-home n 14

Life Cycle Analysis Impact Assessment Identify ‘hotspots’ for innovation n 15

Pork Industry Carbon Footprint Project n 16

Pork Carbon Footprint Project National Pork Board Resolution - June 2008 – The carbon footprint of U.S. pork production is an emerging issue that is of significant importance to the pork industry and its customers. The board directs National Pork Board Staff to thoroughly evaluate this issue in order to define our opportunities and challenges, from which solutions that are ethically grounded, scientifically verifiable and economically viable can be implemented. n 17

Pork Carbon Footprint Project - What A system level accounting (LCA) of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions associated with pork production – 3 Primary gases in livestock agriculture – Measurement of heat trapping potential in atmosphere over a period of time – Expressed as carbon dioxide (CO 2 e) equivalent values Gas100 yr GWP CO 2, carbon dioxide1 CH 4, methane25 N 2 O, nitrous oxide298

Pork Carbon Footprint Project - Who Working Group Provide counsel and input to National Pork Board and contractor(s) in pork carbon footprint initiative process – Pork producers – NPB staff (All Departments) – NPPC – Other stakeholders (Feed & grain, processor & packers, retail) Univ. of Arkansas - Applied Sustainability Center – Contract Technical Assistance to National Pork Board n 19

Pork Carbon Footprint Project - 3 Step Project Literature Review – Completed Pork Chain Scan Level Life Cycle Analysis – Preliminary completed – Update In Progress based on detailed live swine analysis Detailed Live Swine Life Cycle Analysis – In Progress – Scheduled completion - December 2010 n 20

Literature Review - Results No Life Cycle Analysis of U.S. Pork Chain for Greenhouse Gas Emissions – Research on emissions focused on odor & dust – Lack reliable body of information on nitrous oxide emission for animal production – Additional data needed across entire pork chain to allow for most accurate LCA possible Most Work Done In Europe – Denmark – While similarities – not directly transferable to U.S. Different scope Different functional units. n 21

Literature Review - Results GWP Kg CO 2 e/Functional UnitReference Pork produced in Denmark3.6Dalgaard et al., 2007 Pork produced in UK3.3Dalgaard et al., 2007 Organic pork (Denmark)3.8 – 4.3Halberg et al., 2007 Pork produced in Sweden2.6Cited in Dalgaard et al., 2007 Pork produced in France3.0*Basset-Mens and van der Werf, 2005 (GAP production) Pork produced in UK5.6Williams et al., 2006 Pork produced in Canada3.1*Vergé et al., 2009 * Corrected from live weight to carcass weight. Summary of EU pork production GWP data: Functional unit = 1kg carcass at farm gate Swine production LCA - other countries n 22

Literature Review - Results Swine production LCA - Denmark Includes Manure Storage Functional unit = 1 kg pork delivered to the Port of Harwich, Great Britain Contribution to global warming potential from the different stages of the pork production chain in Denmark (Dalgaard et al., 2007 – used with permission) n 23

Scan Level LCA for U.S. Pork Chain Some Underlying Assumptions Made – 9.5 piglets/litter and 3.5 litters per sow – Finished live weight: 268 lb Carcass = 0.75 live weight Boneless = 0.65 carcass – Typical corn, soy meal, distiller’s grain diets – ASABE ‘standard’ manure characteristics 1 – IPCC Tier 2 GHG emission factors for manure systems 2 –Crop sequestration & animal respiration excluded –10% waste (spoiled or uneaten) by consumers 1 American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 2005 ASAE D384.2 MAR Dong, H., et al. (2006) Chapter 10 6 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. n 24

Scan Level LCA for U.S. Pork Chain Some Preliminary Results – The contribution of GHG emission : 13.6%: sow barn (including feed &manure handling) 53%: nursery to finish (including feed &manure handling) 6.7%: processing and packaging 14%: retail (electricity &refrigerants) 13%: the consumer (refrigeration & cooking) – Variability exists Based on type of manure management Based on region of country n 25

Scan Level LCA for U.S. Pork Chain n 26 Based on GWP Kg CO 2 e / 1 kg carcass at farm gate *Based on Preliminary Data

Detailed Live Swine LCA for U.S. Pork Technical LCA Work – In progress – December 2010 scheduled completion – Scan level of pork chain being updated with new information Rollout Program to Multiple Audiences – Under development – Phased rollout January – July 2011 n 27

Pork Industry Carbon Footprint Project – Next Steps Identify Additional Research Needs Identify Education & Outreach Opportunities to Inform Producers on Existing Known Mitigation Practices & Technologies Develop new Education & Outreach Tools & Materials n 28

Interpretation Phase Is Critical Greenhouse Gas Emission Example Based on U.S. EPA GHG Report 2007 & USDA / Industry Pork Production Data n 29

Interpret Data In Like Methods U.N. FAO 2006 Report – Livestock’s Long Shadow – 18% of Global GHG emissions from livestock – more than entire transportation sector & Infers that this is same case for U.S. BUT Authors Now Admit Different Scopes of Analysis Were Used n 30

Interpret All Data UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) 2008 Technical Report –Agriculture contributes 10–12 % of total global anthropogenic GHG emissions …… –In 2005, regional emissions were highest in South & Southeast Asia & Latin American countries …… –Effective means for reducing emissions associated with conversion of land to agriculture is through intensification of agriculture, that is, by producing more on land already in production ……. n 31

Be Realistic In Evaluation & Expectations UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) 2008 Technical Report – There are limitations to emissions reductions in the agriculture sector particularly because of the role of the sector in providing food for a global population that is expected to continue to grow in the coming decades. Therefore, it would be reasonable to expect emissions reductions in terms of improvements in efficiency rather than absolute reductions in GHG emissions. n 32

Focus On What Really Matters Base decisions on complete quality assured data Focus on U.S. production systems & realities Focus on relative risks – Keep things in perspective Focus on the end product – Livestock & poultry are food animals n 33

Keep Things In Perspective n 34

Keep Things In Perspective n 35

Focus on End Product n 36

n This message funded by America’s Pork Checkoff Program. n Allan Stokes n National Pork Board n 1776 NW 114 th Street n Clive, Iowa n n Phone: (515)