The DG Tren ” Particulates „ project Zissis Samaras Lab of Applied Thermodynamics Aristotle University Greece

Characterisation of Exhaust Particulate Emissions From Road Vehicles A European research programme sponsored by the Directorate General on Transport and Energy Partners: Associate partners: Aristotle University (GR) Renault (F) Concawe (B) INRETS (F) Volvo (S) Dekati (FIN) Tampere University (FIN) Stockholm University (S) EMPA (CH) Athens Uni. (GR) AEAT (UK) TRL (UK) IFP (F) INERIS (F) AVL (AUT) LWA (UK) MTC (S) Graz University (AUT) Consultants Aachen University (D) D. Kittelson JRC (NL) G. Reischl

GRPE Presentation ‘Particulates’: Work Programme Outline Definition of the exhaust aerosol properties which will be examined and evaluation of available measurement instruments and techniques Development and introduction of a harmonised protocol for the definition of exhaust aerosol sampling conditions Examination of the particulate emissions of current light duty vehicles and heavy duty engines Investigation of the influence of engine technology, fuel quality and after-treatment on particulate emissions

GRPE Presentation Timetable WP200 - Instrumentation and properties: Completed WP300 - Sampling conditions : Completed with round-robin evaluation (March 2002) WP400 - Definition of detailed measurement matrix: Completed WP500 - Measurements : Started in March 2002 WP600 - Evaluation and reporting: Runs in parallel to WP300 and WP500 Project deadline: April 2003

GRPE Presentation ‘Particulates’: Project Products Outline A detailed framework for future vehicle particulate sampling and measurement methodology Input to emissions modelling tools, in relation to existing knowledge, in terms of usable emission factors for current vehicles Assessment of the effectiveness of the technical measures for reducing particulate emissions Useful input to medical studies Tests over transient operation !

GRPE Presentation Particle characteristics to be measured (recommendations from health effects studies) Mass emissions (PM 10, PM 2.5, PM 1 …) Number emissions in relation to size including both accumulation and nucleation mode (0,01 µm to 10 µm) Nature and morphology  solid, liquid part  surface area Chemical composition  Elemental & total organic carbon  Metals  PAHs (in particular benzo(a)pyrene)  Sulphates and Nitrates

GRPE Presentation How to sample and dilute -1 Which types of particles? Accumulation mode particles  Mainly soot particles  Relatively repeatable Nucleation mode particles  Mainly sulphate, hydrocarbons and water  Very strongly influenced by the sampling and dilution techniques - therefore not repeatable, difficult to produce representative factors  Suggestion: create sampling conditions likely to favour nucleation under repeatable laboratory conditions (worst case approach?)

GRPE Presentation How to sample and dilute -2 General Guidelines for ‘Particulates’ Sampling:  As close to isokinetic as possible  Minimum sampling lines length  Minimum heat gradients in sampling line  Sampling line of conducting material Dilution:  Filtered dilution air, of controlled temperature and of controlled humidity  Controlled residence time (long)  Minimum residence time after final dilution  Definition of “windows” (Dilution Temp, Dilution Ratio)

GRPE Presentation Sampling Set up ‘Particulates’: Sampling Set up

GRPE Presentation Porous sampling probe  Sample extracted and diluted simultaneously  Dilution ratio can be controlled  High mixing rate - minimum thermophoresis

GRPE Presentation Sampling Set up Under Testing -1 ‘Particulates’: Sampling Set up Under Testing -1 Photo from EMPA

GRPE Presentation Sampling Set up Under Testing –2 ‘Particulates’: Sampling Set up Under Testing –2 Photo from LAT

GRPE Presentation Sampling Set up Under Testing -3 ‘Particulates’: Sampling Set up Under Testing -3 Photo from LAT

GRPE Presentation Investigations on Sampling Conditions

GRPE Presentation Effect of dilution temperature Decreasing dilution air temperature increases nucleation.

GRPE Presentation Effect of dilution ratio Increasing dilution ratio increases nucleation.

GRPE Presentation Effect of relative humidity in dilution air Increasing humidity increases nucleation.

GRPE Presentation Effect of residence time (250 ppm S)

GRPE Presentation Effect of residence time (10 ppm S)

GRPE Presentation old - high dilution (at 50 km/h) Window 1: DR 25±2, DT 20±1.5, RT 3±0.5, RH <5%: Cold - high dilution (at 50 km/h) Warm - low dilution (at 50 km/h) Window 2: DR 12.5±2, DT32±1.5, RT 3±0.5, RH <5%: Warm - low dilution (at 50 km/h) Sampling ‘Windows’ This is the window that will be mainly used

GRPE Presentation Dilution ratio fluctuation Golf TDI

GRPE Presentation Round-Robin Aims To evaluate the measuring robustness of the sampling system. To make sure that a similar, if not identical, measurement protocol is followed by each laboratory. To compare laboratory instrumentation with reference instruments (‘reference’ stands for the same instruments carried by the round robin team to all laboratories). To obtain information on the variability of results among participating laboratories. To possibly identify which components of laboratory instrumentation and measurement practices may be responsible for differing results.  It proved to be a learning exercise – very important !!

GRPE Presentation Round Robin Timetable LaboratoryTest weekLatest Arrival timeEarliest Pick up time Aristotle University VTT Energy MTC IFP EMPA TU Graz Concawe, AEAT Aristotle University

GRPE Presentation Round-Robin Measurements Schedule

GRPE Presentation Sampling: Cycles NEDC CADC Steady Speeds (50, 90, 120 km/h) ECE R49 ESC ETC LDV HDV Some will also conduct: Aftertreatment tests More transient cycles More steady state tests

GRPE Presentation The CADC cycles: road

GRPE Presentation Test sequence (LDVs) Set the window (Window 2) Preconditioning (3 EUDCs) Cold soak Cold start NEDC (1200s) Hot start NEDC (1200s) Artemis Urban (1000s) Artemis Road (1000s) Artemis Motorway (1000s) Steady state speeds: 50,90,120 km/h (~10 min each) Some will also sample at different windows

GRPE Presentation Fuels Conventional fuels were selected to cover current and potential future qualities Diesel fuels with constant physical properties but varying sulphur content  ppm S  Swedish Class 1 diesel Gasolines at year 2000 and qualities  ppm S Common fuel batches blended for the consortium Alternative fuels also being evaluated by some partners

GRPE Presentation Vehicle technologies being tested

GRPE Presentation From Measurement to Emission Factors VEHICLE SAMPLING INSTRUMENTS DATA FORMAT/ STORAGE DATA PROCESSING PRIMARY EMISSION VALUES DATA REDUCTION EVALUATION EMISSION FACTORS EFFECTS LEGEND RED WP 300 BLUE WP 600

GRPE Presentation Instruments: Information provided Size segregated solid particle number- dry branch [RT] Total particle number - wet branch [RT] Total active surface equivalent - wet branch [RT] Gaseous pollutants Particle mass (VOF/NVOF) - CVS [CYCLE] Mass weighted size distribution - wet branch [CYCLE] Number weighted size distribution - wet branch [SS] [RT]: Real Time [CYCLE]: Average over cycle [SS]: Steady State

GRPE Presentation Roadside particulates measurements (Task 450) Measurements in road tunnels allow a differentiation between direct emissions under real world dilution ratios (roadside measurements) and “aged” PM at different locations from roadside

GRPE Presentation Non-exhaust particulates measurements (Task 460) Four main strands to the experimental work:  Gravimetric determination of tyre and brake wear rates  Compositional analysis of brake and tyre materials, and brake and tyre dust  Sampling and analysis of airborne particles  Sampling and analysis of road dust

GRPE Presentation Web Site of the Project With three areas:  Public (free access)  Consortium (password protected)  ETERG (password protected)

GRPE Presentation Porous Tube Diluter - 1 Porous tube diluter

GRPE Presentation Primary Dilution Unit - 2

GRPE Presentation Primary Dilution Unit - 3