Bellwork What is strategy and how important do you think it is in warfare?

7.1 The Early Years of the War I can… A.Identify and explain the character and significance of the military struggle in the North B.Why did the war shift to the South? B. Explain the impact of the war on women, African- Americans and American Indians?

Patriots, Loyalists & Neutral Americans were divided between 3 groups: Patriots 40-45% Loyalists 20-30% Neutral

Americans Divided Divided by along social, religious and ethnic lines British offered slaves freedom if they served the British 5,000 served in the Continental Army from the North Southern states refused to allow African-American recruits for fear of revolt ! Some Native-Americans joined the British, believing they would safeguard their land Others chose to side with the Americans if they lived within their settled areas.

Women Followed husbands to camp Cooked Did laundry Nursed the sick and wounded Fought Managed farms and businesses

Washington’s Troops Lack of enlistments Lack of supplies “Could I have foreseen what I have experienced, and am likely to experience, no consideration upon earth would have induced me to accept this command.” -George Washington Goal was to avoid a crushing blow and hold the troops together until they could be trained!

British Views Americans were disorganized, inexperienced rebels Easy to defeat vs. the experienced professional British soldiers British also have problems with recruits, signed for life Hired mercenaries to help make up for their lack of enlistments ; Hessians

New York Washington expected the British to go to New York after they were pushed out of Boston One goal: occupy coastal cities so their navy could land troops and supplies & they could launch their attacks from there Howe arrives with a large army, including 9,000 Hessians Fought for months, Washington forced to retreat to New Jersey

Battle of Trenton Terrible conditions, low troop morale Most enlistments ended December 31 st Washington asks Thomas Paine to write something inspirational

The American Crisis “These are the times that try men’s souls. The summer soldier and sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman.” -Thomas Paine

Battle of Trenton & Princeton, N.J. Late at night, Washington crosses the Delaware river Attack sleeping, hung over Hessians and wins December 26 th One week later wins Battle of Princeton Troops re-energized British take Philly in summer of 1777

What's Wrong With This Picture DELAWARE RIVER, December 25, Facing disaster, Washington takes a desperate chance, crossing the Delaware in a surprise attack on the Hessian encampment at Trenton. This painting, "Washington Crossing the Delaware" by Emanuel Leutze, is one of the most famous pictorial images to come out of the American Revolution. Nonetheless, it contains at least one glaring historical inaccuracy. Study the painting and see if you can detect the error.

Britain’s Northern Strategy Seize the Hudson River Valley and divide the colonies, cutting off New England from other states and crush the Americancause 3 armies would meet at Albany, New York: General Burgoyne, Lt. colonel St. Leger, General Howe

Saratoga Faced rebels in the countryside Militia cut down trees to slow progress, burned crops, drove off cattle: Basically destroyed anything of use to the British Burgoyne pushed down from Canada, Howe to bring troops from New York, and St. Leger from the West Howe decides to take Philly instead, St. Leger is held up at Fort Stanwix The Americans surround Burgoyne after a series of engagements, and are trapped

The Battle of Saratoga September 19, 1777 Turning point of the war!!! General Gates leads the Americans to victory at Saratoga and Benedict Arnold on nearby Freeman’s Farm Arnold is injured, Gates gets all of the credit, which Arnold resents!

Significance of Saratoga Prevented British from cutting off New England Patriots proved they had a chance of winning, bringing desperately needed foreign aid! Benjamin Franklin had already been negotiating for more aid from France! France openly recognizes America’s independence! Revolution turns into a world war ! Spain and Russia both aid in the cause!