1 Let’s begin with a story

2 l Alan Turing, "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", Mind, Volume LIX, Number 236, l Because the paper is now in the public domain, I have made it available on-line. l Please read this paper for Friday.

3 How do you define AI? l You were supposed to write a paper for today? nWhat did you say?

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5 How others define AI 1. "a collection of algorithms that are computationally tractable, adequate approximations of intractably specified problems" (Partridge, 1991) 2. "the enterprise of constructing a physical symbol system that can reliably pass the Turing Test" (Ginsberg, 1993) 3. "the field of computer science that studies how machines can be made to act intelligently" (Jackson, 1986)

6 How others define AI 4. "a field of study that encompasses computational techniques for performing tasks that apparently require intelligence when performed by humans" (Tanimoto, 1990) 5. "a very general investigation of the nature of intelligence and the principles and mechanisms required for understanding or replicating it" (Sharples et al., 1989) 6. "the getting of computers to do things that seem to be intelligent" (Rowe, 1988)

7 Defining AI For most people, a definition of AI centers around the concept of "intelligence" and some form of the questions: nWhat is intelligence? nHow can minds work? nHow do human minds work? nCan non-humans have minds?

8 Defining AI l These questions weren’t invented by computer scientists. nThey have puzzled philosophers, biologists and psychologists for centuries.

9 Defining AI l What is intelligence? l How can minds work? l How do human minds work? l Can non-humans have minds?

What is intelligence? l Do the following tasks require intelligence when solved by a human? nBrain Teaser nTic Tac Toe nMath Puzzle nPuzzle Game 10

The Travelling Farmer l A farmer is travelling with a fox, a goose, and a sack of grain l Wants to cross a river using one canoe l Canoe can hold the farmer and one other item l Never leave the fox alone with the goose l Never leave the goose alone with the grain l Aim: To get all safely across the river 11

Missionaries and Cannibals l Three missionaries and three cannibals l Want to cross a river using one canoe. l Canoe can hold up to two people. l Can never be more cannibals than missionaries on either side of the river. l Aim: To get all safely across the river without any missionaries being eaten. l [Variant: 5 and 5 with a canoe that holds 3]

Tic Tac Toe l Traditional l Variation 13

Math Puzzle l Ken Ken 14

Puzzle Game 15

What is intelligence? l Do the following tasks require intelligence when solved by a computer? nBrain Teaser nTic Tac Toe nMath Puzzle nPuzzle Game 16

17 How this course will define AI l Artificial Intelligence is a science that has defined its goal as giving machines the ability to perform tasks that, when performed by humans, require intelligence. These include the ability to solve problems, make decisions, to learn and to understand.