Seismic VSAT Wish List Complete freedom of station placement –Robust outdoor equipment –Solar panels, low power consumption Low cost –Affordable capital cost –minimum operating cost Excellent data quality –Robust error correction –high data bandwidth –infrastructure unaffected by major events

Network Cost Comparison Cost Year LEO Satellite Telephone Libra VSAT Radio Network repeater/remote Commercial VSAT Telephone

VSAT Cost Comparison Data Rate Cost Libra VSAT Commercial VSAT SCADA Satellite

Libra Blue = Libra Red = competing VSAT # ofModulationRate per# carriers# carriersTotalCost/Yr stationscarrierinboundoutboundbandwidth ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 16QPSK112 kbps/1None100kHz$7, kHz 32 QPSK 112 kbps/2None200kHz$15, kHz 64 QPSK 112 kbps/4None400kHz$30, kHz 16FSK64kbps/21480kHz$37, kHz 32FSK64kbps/31640kHz$52, kHz 64FSK64kbps/611120kHz$90, kHz

Libra First fully integrated satellite seismograph Designed specifically for seismic data telemetry Lowest possible operating cost Competitive capital cost Highest possible data quality and integrity

Libra Factory Integration Entirely designed, manufactured and tested by Nanometrics Single contact for support Guaranteed performance Noise countsDynamic Range dB 6121 dB dB dB Digitiser sensitivity is 1.9 microvolts/bit (default) RS232 allows +/- 3 Volts noise

Libra Cost effective for small and large networks Complete freedom in station placement Operates from solar panels Supports co-located sensors

Libra Continuous data, 3ch, 100sps Error correction via data re-request 132 dB dynamic range (shorted input) +/- 5 microseconds timing accuracy 2.3 hour data buffer <30 watt power consumption

Libra QPSK modulation 112Kbps per 100KHz carrier Time domain multiple access (TDMA) Central Hub uses TDMA slot Dynamic bandwidth allocation

Libra Satellite Seismograph Network

Libra Remote Site Equipment

Libra Remote Site Antenna

Libra Remote Site Systems

Libra Remote Site Equipment Installation

Libra 24-bit Digitiser 3 channel seismic 10-bit state-of-healthUser state-of-health 3 fast, 3 slow User serial ports (2) Transparent Serial Ports UDP/IP TCP/IP User Ethernet port VSAT Transceiver GPS

VSAT1 VSAT2 VSAT3VSAT4 HUB VSAT1 112 Kbit total bandwidth 100KHz carrier bandwidth 16 remotes per 100KHz carrier Central Hub allocated slot for control traffic TDMA Sequence

Hybrid Libra Network

Libra Sub-net 1 Carina Internet data distribution Supports multiple Hubs Password Required to receive data Dynamic allocation of network control Down stream distribution via Internet Sub-net 2

Seismic Traffic Pattern In-balanced traffic pattern Ability to allocate bandwidth station-by-station Multiple hubs sharing data Error correction between multiple hubs and remotes 100kHz space segment minimums >95% Inbound <5% Outbound

Bandwidth vs. Space Segment Assuming 100kHz space segment

Single Carrier per Channel (SCPC) Disadvantages –Inefficient use of space segment –High power consumption (100% Tx duty cycle) –One receiver for each remote –Fixed bandwidth per station –Complicated multiple Hub designs 100kHz 22 kHz At 6.5 Kbps, theoretical total of 10 stations Advantages –Smaller dish size –low latency

Time Domain Multiple Access (TDMA) 112 Kbps Station 2Station 3Hub 1Station 1Station n At 6.5 Kbps, maximum of 16 stations and one hub Advantages –Efficient use of space segment –Low power consumption (Tx. Duty cycled) –Variable bandwidth per station –Dynamic bandwidth allocation –Multiple hub support Disadvantages –larger dish size –4 to 16s latency

Libra Peer Hubs

Libra Data Distribution Feed

Distribution of event data or bulletins Uses existing Libra hub systems Broadcasts IP-based messages in TDMA timeslot Low cost, approximately $US 4000 / remote