Chapter 8 Federal Interest in Education This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Federalism Definition - vertical diffusion of power among three levels of government unitary system—powers in single central government state government—unitary federal system—powers divided between central government and its components 10 th Amendment—reserves education to several states role and percentage of funds expended by level  state-responsible for education-48.7%  local-agency of state-42.8%  federal-one government-8.5% Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Historical Role of the Federal Government historically federal role minor federal role - conduct research, disseminate information, advise Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Department of Education founded in 1867  collected statistics and facts regarding condition and progress of education  diffused information  promoted the cause of education Department transferred to Federal Security Agency 1953-Federal Security Agency became Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare 1960’s-recommended as a separate department 1979-created Department of Education with cabinet-level status legislation-emphasized primary responsibility for education at state and local level Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

former presidents’ roles  Washington & Jefferson—universities  Hayes—supplementing educational budgets  Arthur & Truman—federal aid to education  Eisenhower—federal aid for construction  Kennedy—federal aid for construction and teacher salaries Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 Johnson—Great Society program & Elementary and Secondary Act of 1965  Nixon—opposed to Great Society program  Ford—opposed increased federal aid  Carter—established Department of Education  Reagan—called for elimination of Department of Education and creation of National Institute for Education  G. Bush—held education summit  Clinton—called for commitment to education  G. W. Bush – No Child Left Behind Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Constitutional Role Constitution provides indirect, minor role Tenth Amendment-reserved powers federal court rulings—indirect legal relationship of federal government to education evolution of federal interest came with perceived needs No Child Left Behind Law—response to national need  race and SES—achievement gap  accountability for student achievement  oversight for highly qualified teachers Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Federal Expenditures federal budget allocated to education small federal government funds approximately 8.5% of education expenses Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Federal Fiscal Advantages and Disadvantages federal role begun as advisory and supplementary federal government—greatest distance from ongoing process of education graduated taxing system—predominant source of revenue for federal government  inherent inequities and complexities educational personnel lack understanding of federal budgeting of federal government position of federal government needs to be one of neutrality in providing educational advantages Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 distributing federal funds--modus operandi categorical funding  block grant approach to counter imbalance of funding  general aid--general expression of purpose or priority Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

C Federal Aid in Lieu of Taxes federal aid to education --obligatory payments in lieu of taxes for land owned federal government owns land in 1/3 of nation Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Increased Governmental Services increased services of government due to  complexity of social institutions  economic order  political structure Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

The Future of Federal Aid to Education involvement of federal government may change need for fewer educational agencies federal government control over education should not increase all levels of government need to share responsibility of education Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008