Soil Functional Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, a Transdisciplinary Approach SUSTAIN project ( ) SNOWMAN NETWORK Knowledge for sustainable soils Meeting with the Orientation Committee Paris, 26 February 2014

2 Programme 9h30-11h30: Presentation concerning SUSTAIN - presentation of the project and the sites - presentation of some french results - presentation of some dutch results Coffee Break - presentation of transversal actions - Life Cycle Analyis - dissemination actions : - actions addressed to several public - brochures, technical guide - opened day for farmers 11h30-12h00 : general discussion 12h00-13h30 : lunch 13h30-14H00 : European view about agroecology ? (Ciro Gardi) 14h00-14h50 : PEPITE and TILLMAN projects (Josephine Péigné) - presentation - discussion : what are complementary/common results and transfer to users ? 14h h40: Ranking of indicators and Ecosystem services (Michiel Rutgers) - presentation - discussion : how can we apply this to SUSTAIN results Break 16h00-16H30 : general discussion and synthesis : what about a common future ?

3 What about SUSTAIN project ? from october 2011 to december 2014

Brittany : a livestock region Farm land in use = ha (6 % of national land in use) Grassland : ha Cereals: ha Corn silage : ha Grain-maize : ha Rape : ha Vegetables : ha Brittany’s part in total french production 26 % of veal calves 20 % of collected milk 34 % of chicken production 58 % of pig production (Year : 2008) Regional French Context : Brittany 4

No-tillage in Brittany (2010) Ploughed area : ha Reduced tillage : ha Annual crops : ha  Reduced tillage/annual crops : 24 % vs 30% at national scale  Ploughed area : 76 % Brittany Context 5 Motivations of the farmers Working time saving Energy saving Amelioration of soil bearing capacity Questions from the farmers  The impact of these technics on the soil, on the crops, on the water quality ?  Is the use of organic fertilizers compatible with the not ploughing practice ?

Netherlands Total area of arable land 950,000 ha (+/- 25% of land area) 50% of arable land on clay (loam) soils, 50% on sandy soils Top 5 crops: 1. Corn (sandy soils, also in rotation with grassland) 2. Potatoes 3. Cereals (mainly for crop rotation reasons 4. Sugar beets 5. Onions Dutch Context 6

Reduced-tillage in the Netherlands Mostly « non-inversion » tillage < 1% of arable land except for south east of the country -> erosion legislation But interest among farmers is clearly growing Dutch Context

SUSTAIN consortium partners Dutch partners Mirjam Pulleman Lijbert Brussaard Steven Crittenden Ron De Goede Wijnand Sukkel Gerard Korthals Ben Delbaere, Veronika Mikos PPO (Applied Plant Research) European Center for Nature Conservation Guénola Pérès Daniel Cluzeau (coordinator) Michaël Corson Vincent Hallaire Safya Menasseri Thierry Morvan Guénola Pérès (coordinator) French partners Djilali Heddadj

 Understand how reduced tillage systems, as compared to conventional tillage systems, impact soil functional biodiversity and soil functions  Quantify the consequences of reduced tillage systems on soil ecosystem services SUSTAIN Objectives  Develop tools such as - Soil disturbance-indicators - Life Cycling Analysis to evaluate the environmental impact of tillage systems  Investigate the socio-economic sustainability of reduced tillage systems  Dissemination Kick-off meeting, November 2013, Paris

 SUSTAIN is conducted in France and the Netherlands at experimental field sites and through regional farm networks SUSTAIN collaborative approach Lelystad Hoeksche Waard F K A FKT FKO  SUSTAIN analyses new data & existing datasets  Combination allows for a boarder perspective, reflecting different time scales. Kerguéhennec  SUSTAIN collaborates with ECOSOM-Project (S. Houot, J. Faber)  SUSTAIN collaborates with - German colleagues M. Potthoff (univ. Göettingen) & S. Schrader (vTI)

WP3 : Soil functions - Soil structure maintenance - Water regulation and filtering - OM and nutrient cycling - Pest regulation (nematode community) WP4 : Ecosystem services -Food production -GHG mitigation WP7 : Dissemination WP5 : Sociology and economy - Sociology - Farm economics WP6 : Modelling - Indicator development - Environmental impact evaluation - System sustainability evaluation WP2 : Soil biodiversity - Earthworms - Nematodes WP1 : Coordination SUSTAIN Work plan (7 WP) Agricultural practices (tillage, reduced tillage, no tillage)

Experimental station of Kerguéhennec (Morbihan dept.) of CRAB since experimental designs under conventional system FKT and FKA 1 experimental design under organic farming (FKO) Soil derived from micaschist, Dystric Cambisol (FAO) with a loamy texture and high organic matter (4.3%) SUSTAIN - France – 3 field sites F K A FKT FKO "Transfer" experiment FKT -> impact on run-off Since 2000 "Agronomic" experiment FKA -> impact combined with OM inputs Since 2000 "Organic" experiment FKO Since 2003 (destroyed 2013)

FKT "Transfer" experiment FKT -> impact of reduced tillage on run-off « Transfer » trial – FKT site 3 Treatments are compared since 2000 with the same fertilisation Crop rotation (every 2 years) : Grain maize – wheat – rye grass Crop in January 2012

FKT site – Treatments and Trial plane 3 plots (6 m X 50 m) X 3 blocs -> 9 plots in total Conventional tillage, Moulboard ploughing 25 cm and circular spike Superficial tillage 8 Harrowing at 8 cm then chisel since 2006 No till, Direct drilling Disc seeder (wheat, rape, phacelia) et cultivation on the row (maize) N Bloc 1Bloc 2Bloc 3 Superficial tillage

« Agronomic » trial – FKA site F K A "Agronomic" experiment FKA -> impact of reduced tillage combined with OM inputs Treatments are compared since 2000 Crop rotation (4 years) : grain maize-wheat-rape-wheat-phacelia 15 Crop in January 2012

FKA site – treatments : reduced tillage X organic fertilisation Conventional tillage L Moulboard ploughing 25 cm and circular spike Superficial tillage 8 TS (S2) harrowing at 8 cm then chisel since 2006 No till (Direct drilling) SD (S1) disc seeder (wheat, rape, phacelia) et cultivation on the row (maize) X Mineral fertilization M M Fertilisation + Cattle manure M- FB 40 t of manure every 4 years Pig slurry 25 m 3 /year LP Poultry manure 6 t/year FV With Equivalent N input 3 Tillage treatments 4 fertilisation treatments 16

FKO "Organic" experiment FKO -> impact of reduced tillage « Organic » trial - FKO site Crop succession : Grain-maize – triticale – buckwheat – Protein pea – triticale – alfalfa – alfalfa – triticale – grain-maize - wheat 17 4 treatments are compared since 2003 but will be distroyed in November 2013 !!!! Common fertilisation (guano or pig slurry or cow manure) Crop in January 2012

Bloc II Chisel 15 cm Chisel 8 cm Conventional ploughing Agronomic ploughing Bloc I Bande enherbée Bloc III Bande enherbée 105 m 25 m 15 m S N W E 12 m Conventional ploughing Agronomic ploughing Agronomic ploughing Chisel 15 cm Chisel 8 cm FKO site – Treatments and trial plan 4 plots (12 m X 25 m) X 3 blocs -> 12 plots in total Conventional tillage, ploughing Moulboard ploughing 25 cm and circular spike Superficial tillage 8 Harrowing at 8 cm then chisel since 2006 Superficial tillage 15 Harrowing at 15 cm then chisel since 2006 Agronomic ploughing Moulboard ploughing 15 cm and circular spike 18

19 French site – Parameters measured (ex: FKA) SOIL Physical properties Structural state of surface X XXXXXXX Hydraulic conduticity XXXXX porosity X XXXXXXXXX Structural stability XXXXX Morphological properties Agricultural profil X XXXXX Chemical properties analysis X XX C and N stock X XXXX ? X Biological properties Earthworm XXX Microorgan XXX Many parameters measured every year or ponctually

20 CROPS DiseaseXXXXXXXXXXXXXX PestsXXXXXXXXXXXXXX WeedsXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Root profileXXXXXX Crop yield and component XXXXXXXXXXXXXX Crop analysisXXXXXXXXXXXXXX French site – Parameters measured (ex: FKA) Many parameters measured every year or ponctually In the case of FKT : run-off, pesticides transferts

SUSTAIN - Netherlands - 2 Field sites Two areas reclaimed from the sea. Calcareous marine-loam soils with clay-loam texture. Hoeksche Waard (farmer fields, since 2009) Lelystad (experimental farm of PPO since 2008) In the 2 field sites, conventional and organic managements

Lelystad – Soil parameters measured (not exhaustive) SOIL Physical properties Aggregate stability XX Penetrometer resistance XXX Saturated conductivity X pF curves XX Bulk density & porosity XXX Infiltration XXX Soil moisture profiles XXX Soil temperature XXX 22 Not all data are available for all trials all years

Lelystad – Soil parameters measured (not exhaustive) SOIL Chemical properties Mineral N XXXXX Soil C and N, total XXXXX Greenhouse gas emissions XXX Biological properties Earthworms XXXX Nematodes X--X Microbial parameters X-X Mycohrriza spore and root colonization (organic only) --X-- Natural enemies of pest (arthropods) X CROPS Crop yield and component XXXXXX Crop analysis (some crops only) XXXXXX

France - former analysis were been done in 2003 on previous network of reduced-tillage farms (11 pairs of farms : reduced vs conventional) SUSTAIN - France & the Netherlands – Farm networks Netherlands - the network already exits (4 farms) due to collaborations between - PPO and farmers - University of Wageningen and farmers -a new network will be analysed in (16 farms : 4 per each department, 4 treatments : direct-seeding, superficial tillage, non- inversed –tillage and conventional ploughing)  integration of more geological and climatic contexts

Results On french experimental sites  FKO

Kick-off meeting, November 2013, Paris Conventional tillage, ploughing Moulboard ploughing 25 cm and circular spike Superficial tillage 8 Harrowing at 8 cm, chisel since 2006 Superficial tillage 15 Harrowing at 15 cm, chisel since 2006 Agronomic ploughing Moulboard ploughing 15 cm and circular spike Biodiversity – soil functions (WP2 & WP3 ) – french site Site description – Organic trial Bloc II Chisel 15 cm Chisel 8 cm Conventional ploughing Agronomic ploughing Bloc I Bande enherbée Bloc III Bande enherbée 105 m 25 m 15 m S N E 12 m Conventional ploughing Agronomic ploughing Agronomic ploughing Chisel 15 cm Chisel 8 cm 4 plots (12 m X 25 m) X 3 blocs -> 12 plots in total

Orientattion committee 26 February 2014, Paris Abundance, Biomass of earthworm (2013, after 7 years) Abundance no significant effect of reduced tillage (last ploughing 1 year ½  earthworm abundance can recover ) low depth of ploughing is favourable to abundance, but superficial tillage is depressive 87,7 66,1 Biodiversity – soil functions (WP2 & WP3 ) – french site - organic Biomass no significant effect of reduced tillage bad effect of conventional ploughing (tendance)

Orientattion committee 26 February 2014, Paris Epigeic : absent (Cluzeau et al., 2012) Endogeic : dominant (Cluzeau et al., 2012) positive impact of ploughing (LA, 15cm, p<0.01) Earthworm ecological group (in 2013) Reduced tillage 8 cmReduced tillage 15 cm (C15) Agronomical Ploughing (LA) Conventional ploughing (CP) epigeic anecic endogeic A. caliginosaA. chlorotica Anecic: positive impact of reduced tillage systems, C8 (p=0.012) (Chan, 2001) N. giardi Biodiversity – soil functions (WP2 & WP3 ) – french site -

Orientattion committee 26 February 2014, Paris Earthworm community earthworm abundance endogeic abundance Reduced tillage systmes No impact Biodiversity – soil functions (WP2 & WP3 ) – french site - organic

Orientattion committee 26 February 2014, Paris Earthworm community earthworm abundance endogeic abundance earthworm biomass anecic abundance Reduced tillage systmes No impact Positive impact Biodiversity – soil functions (WP2 & WP3 ) – french site - organic

Orientattion committee 26 February 2014, Paris negative impact of conventional tillage on C (p<0.05), N and P (tendance) (0-15 cm) strongly related to OM positive impact of reduced tillage, but limited to 0-5 cm Biodiversity – soil functions (WP2 & WP3 ) – french site - organic Chemical analysis (2013, after 7 years)

Orientattion committee 26 February 2014, Paris negative impact of conventional tillage on C (p<0.05), N and P (tendance) (0-15 cm) strongly related to OM positive impact of reduced tillage, but limited to 0-5 cm high stratification of OM depending on practices decrease from top to sub-soil for reduced tillage system (reduced tillage systems) Biodiversity – soil functions (WP2 & WP3 ) – french site - organic Chemical analysis (2013, after 7 years) homogeneity under ploughing system, folllowing the ploughing depth

Orientattion committee 26 February 2014, Paris L. rubellus positively correlated with hydraulic conductivity at soil surface and 5 cm depth  epi-anecic species creates vertical and opend burrows at soil surface Conductivity (soil surface) Conductivity (15 cm depth) Conductivity (5 cm depth) Linking diversity to function (hydraulic conductivity) Biodiversity – soil functions (WP2 & WP3 ) – french site - organic Endogeic species negatively correlated with hydraulic conductivity  endogeic (Francis et al, 2001)

Orientattion committee 26 February 2014, Paris Relation with Ecosystem service (WP4 ) – french site - organic Weeds : increase of weed pressure under reduced tillage system  ploughing limits the risk of weeds (Mamarot, 2004) Weeds and Yield vv Weeds Yield Yield : decrease under reduced tillage systems  presence of weeds increase the comptetion for wtaer and nutrients resource (Armal, 2010) Biological chemicalAgronomical Physical Superficial tillage (8cm) Superficial tillage (15 cm) Agronomical ploughing (15 cm) Conventional ploughing (25 cm) Synthesis

Orientattion committee 26 February 2014, Paris Results On dutch experimental sites