C HAPTER 15 – T HE F EDERAL B UREAUCRACY Ozaki Ozaki Period 1

S ECTION 1 – T HE F EDERAL B UREAUCRACY Bureaucracy – a large, complex administrative structure that handles the everyday business of an organization Bureaucrat – a person who works for the organization Administration – the government’s many administrators and agencies

S ECTION 1 – T HE F EDERAL B UREAUCRACY Staff agencies – serve in a support capacity Line agencies – perform the tasks for which the organization exists Features of a Bureaucracy Hierarchical authority Job specialization Formalized rules

S ECTION 1 – T HE F EDERAL B UREAUCRACY The federal bureaucracy is all of the agencies, people, and procedures through which the Federal Government operates The names given to agencies may indicate an agency’s nature

S ECTION 1 – T HE F EDERAL B UREAUCRACY Department – reserved for agencies in Cabinet Agency and Administration – any governmental body Commission – agencies charged with the regulation of business activities Corporation and Authority – agencies that conduct business-like activities

S ECTION 2 – T HE E XECUTIVE O FFICE OF THE P RESIDENT Executive Office of the President – a complex organization of several separate agencies staffed by most of the Presidents closest advisors and assistants Federal budget – a very detailed estimate of receipts and expenditures

S ECTION 2 – T HE E XECUTIVE O FFICE OF THE P RESIDENT Fiscal year – the 12 month period used by government and business for record keeping, budgeting, and other financial management purposes Domestic affairs – all matters not directly connected to the realm of foreign affairs

S ECTION 2 – T HE E XECUTIVE O FFICE OF THE P RESIDENT The White House office is the “nerve center” of the Executive Office of the President Other units of the Executive Office advise the President on domestic affairs and foreign policy The President’s major steps in foreign affairs are taken in close consultation with the National Security Council

S ECTION 3 – T HE E XECUTIVE D EPARTMENTS Executive departments – the traditional units of federal administration, and each of them is built around some broad field of activity Secretary – head of each department except for the Department of Justice Attorney general – director of work for the Department of Justice

S ECTION 3 – T HE E XECUTIVE D EPARTMENTS Each department is made up of a number of subunits Each executive department varies a great deal in terms of visibility, size, and importance The Cabinet is an informal advisory body brought together by the President to serve his needs The President appoints the head of each of the 15 executive departments

S ECTION 3 – T HE E XECUTIVE D EPARTMENTS Each of the 15 executive departments manages federal policy in a broad field of activity, such as education, labor, or defense The heads of the departments meet with the President and other advisors in the Cabinet The President decides how often the Cabinet meets

S ECTION 4 – I NDEPENDENT A GENCIES Independent agencies – agencies located outside the departments Independent executive agencies – large, with thousands of employees, multimillion-dollar budgets, and extremely important public tasks to perform Independent regulatory commissions – are largely beyond the reach of presidential direction and control

S ECTION 4 – I NDEPENDENT A GENCIES Quasi-legislative – Congress has given them certain legislative-like powers Quasi-judicial – Congress has given them certain judicial-like powers Government corporations – within the executive branch and subject to the President’s direction and control, but were set up by Congress to carry out certain business-like activities

S ECTION 4 – I NDEPENDENT A GENCIES Independent agencies are not part of any of the executive departments Independence gives these agencies some freedom from political pressure

S ECTION 5 – T HE C IVIL S ERVICE Civil service – those civilian employees who perform the administrative work of government Spoils system – the practice of giving offices and other favors of government to political supporters and friends Patronage – the practice of giving jobs to supporters and friends

S ECTION 5 – T HE C IVIL S ERVICE Registers – lists of those applicants who pass its tests and are qualified for employment Bipartisan – it includes members from both parties The Pendleton Act laid the foundation of the present federal civil service system

S ECTION 5 – T HE C IVIL S ERVICE The people who work in the federal bureaucracy make up the civil service Early on, the spoils system infected the civil service Corruption was a serious problem until reformers began to reshape the civil service in the 1880s Today, the vast majority of federal employees are hired and promoted on the basis of merit, not party membership