Strategy, Balanced Scorecard, and Strategic Profitability Analysis Based on Chapter 13, Cost Accounting, 12th ed. Horngren et al., Edited and Modified by C. Bailey

Introduction This topic… explores the use of management accounting information for implementing and evaluating an organization’s strategy. shows how MA information helps strategic initiatives: productivity improvement reengineering downsizing.

Recognize which of two generic strategies a company is using Learning Objective 1 Recognize which of two generic strategies a company is using

What is Strategy? Strategy describes how an organization matches its own capabilities with the opportunities in the marketplace to accomplish its overall objectives. In formulating its strategy, an organization must thoroughly understand the industry in which it operates.

Understanding the Industry Industry analysis focuses on five forces: Competitors Reducing prices of products is critical for any industry to grow. Competition today is severe along the dimensions of price, timely delivery, and quality.

Understanding the Industry Potential entrants into the market Competition usually keeps profit margins small. Existing companies probably have lower costs. Existing companies also have the advantage of close relationships with customers.

Understanding the Industry Equivalent products How easily can users substitute other products (consider MS Windows!) Bargaining power of customers Customers may obtain the products from other potential suppliers.

Understanding the Industry Bargaining power of input suppliers Suppliers of high-quality materials can demand higher prices. Skilled engineers, technicians, and laborers can demand higher wages.

Generic Strategies Two generic strategies that organizations use are: Product differentiation Cost leadership

Product Differentiation Customers perceive product/service to be superior and unique relative to competitors. Hewlett Packard in the electronics industry Merck in the pharmaceutical industry Coca-Cola in the soft drinks industry Others?

Cost Leadership Achieving low costs relative to competitors. How? Productivity and efficiency improvements Elimination of waste Tight cost control Examples? Dell, Bic

Implementation of Strategy To be successful, a company must formulate an effective strategy implement it vigorously. Management accountants play important role collecting meaningful data designing reports to help managers track progress in implementing strategy.

The Balanced Scorecard The balanced scorecard translates an organization’s mission and strategy into a comprehensive set of performance measures. Does not focus solely on financial objectives. highlights nonfinancial objectives that an organization must achieve to meet its [long-term] financial objectives.

The Balanced Scorecard Four key perspectives Financial [sales, cost, etc.] Customer [mkt shre, growth, satisfaction] Internal business processes [innovation, impr] Learning and growth [skills, workforce]

The Balanced Scorecard Attempts to balance financial and nonfinancial performance measures short-run and long-run performance in a single report. Why does the balanced scorecard reduce manager’s emphasis on short-run financial performance?

The Balanced Scorecard Reduces short-term emphasis because: nonfinancial and operational indicators measure fundamental changes financial benefits of these changes may not appear in short-run earnings. nonfinancial measures (leading indicators) signal the prospect of creating economic value in the future.

Identify key aspects of reengineering Learning Objective 2 Identify key aspects of reengineering

Quality Improvement One key element of a strategy to reduce costs is to improve quality, by… Reducing defects Improving yields.

Quality Improvement What is needed to improve quality? Nonfinancial data about manufacturing process parameters (e.g., time) implementation of advanced process control methods training of frontline workers in quality management techniques empowering workforce to make timely decisions, continuously improve processes

Reengineering Example of Ford Motor Company: Reducing Ordering Costs (HBR July-Aug. 1990) U.S. Accts. Payable in early 1980's employed > 500 Set goal: Reduce by 20% to 400. but . . .

Reengineering Found that Mazda's AP dept had 4 people!! Results of reengineering: "Invoiceless processing": If goods match PO, clerk receives them, and pmt is made. (If don't match, reject shipment.)

Reengineering Old procedures required acctg dept to match 14 data items on PO, receipt record, and invoice. Head count cut 75%

Present the four perspectives of the balanced scorecard Learning Objective 3 Present the four perspectives of the balanced scorecard

Perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard There are four perspectives of the balanced scorecard: Financial perspective Customer perspective Internal business process perspective Learning and growth perspective

Financial Perspective Evaluates the profitability of the strategy. Focuses on how factors affect income: Growth (units sold, inputs need) Price Recovery (higher prices, lower costs) Productivity (efficiency of resource use)

Financial Perspective Objective: Increase shareholder value Sample Measures: Increase in operating income Revenue growth,

Aligning the Balanced Scorecard to Strategy What are some of the financial perspective measures? Operating income Revenue growth Cost reduction is some areas Return on investment

Customer Perspective Identifies the targeted market segment and measures the company’s success in these segments.

What are some of the customer perspective measures? Market share Customer satisfaction Customer retention percentage Time taken to fulfill customers requests

Internal Business Process Perspective Focuses on internal operations Create value for customers Further the financial perspective by increasing shareholder wealth. Typical Objectives: Improve manufacturing capability Reduce delivery time to customers Meet specified delivery dates

What are some of the internal business perspective measures? Innovation Process Manufacturing capabilities Number of new products or services New product development time Number of new patents

Internal business perspective measures cont’d. Operations Process Yield Defect rates Time taken to deliver product to customers Percentage of on-time delivery Setup time Manufacturing downtime

Internal business perspective measures cont’d. Post-sales service Time taken to replace or repair defective products Hours of customer training for using the product

Learning and Growth Perspective Emphasizes capabilities of Employees empowerment, training Info systems Typical Objectives: Develop process skill Empower work force Enhance information system capabilities

Some Learning and Growth Perspective Measures Employee education and skill level Employee satisfaction scores Employee turnover rates Information system availability Percentage of processes with advanced controls

Features of a Good Balanced Scorecard It tells the story of a company’s strategy by articulating a sequence of cause-and-effect relationships. It assists in communicating the strategy to all members of the organization by translating the strategy into a coherent and linked set of measurable operational targets.

Features of a Good Balanced Scorecard In for-profit companies, the balanced scorecard places strong emphasis on financial objectives and measures. The scorecard limits the number of measures used by identifying only the most critical ones. The scorecard highlights suboptimal tradeoffs that managers may make.

Pitfalls When Implementing a Balanced Scorecard Don’t assume the cause-and-effect linkages to be precise. Don’t seek improvements across all measures all the time. Don’t use only objective measures on the scorecard.

Pitfalls When Implementing a Balanced Scorecard Don’t fail to consider both costs and benefits of initiatives such as spending on information technology and research and development. Don’t ignore nonfinancial measures when evaluating managers and employees.

Analyze changes in operating income to evaluate strategy Learning Objective 4 Analyze changes in operating income to evaluate strategy [We may do a case next week.]

Distinguish between engineered and discretionary costs Learning Objective 5 Distinguish between engineered and discretionary costs

Engineered and Discretionary Costs Fixed costs are tied to capacity. Fixed costs do not change automatically with changes in the level of the cost driver. How can managers reduce capacity-based fixed costs? The key is understanding and managing unused capacity.

Engineered Costs Engineered costs result specifically from a clear cause-and effect relationship between output and the resources needed to produce that output. Engineered costs can be variable or fixed in the short run. Selling & customer-service costs are engineered, fixed in the short run.

Discretionary Costs Two important features of discretionary costs: They arise from periodic (usually yearly) decisions regarding the maximum amount to be incurred. They have no clearly measurable cause-and effect relationship between output and resources used.

Discretionary Costs Discretionary costs include: Advertising Executive training Research and development Health care Legal resources Public relations

Relationships between Inputs and Outputs Engineered costs differ from discretionary costs along two key dimension Type of process detailed, physically observable, and repetitive Level of uncertainty higher level of uncertainty about the relationship means less likely cause-and-effect exists

End of BSC Presentation